TY  - JOUR
U1  - Zeitschriftenartikel, wissenschaftlich - begutachtet (reviewed)
A1  - Haase, Patrick
A1  - Thomas, Bernd
T1  - Test and optimization of a control algorithm for demand-oriented operation of CHP units using hardware-in-the-loop
JF  - Applied energy
N2  - This paper covers test and verification of a forecast-based Monte Carlo algorithm for an optimized, demand-oriented operation of combined heat and power (CHP) units using the hardware-in-the-loop approach. For this purpose, the optimization algorithm was implemented at a test bench at Reutlingen University for controlling a CHP unit in combination with a thermal energy storage, both in real hardware. In detail, the hardware-in-the-loop tests are intended to reveal the effects of demand forecasting accuracy, the impact of thermal energy storage capacity and the influence of load profiles on demand-oriented operation of CHP units. In addition, the paper focuses on the evaluation of the content of energy in the thermal energy storage under practical conditions. It is shown that a 5-layer model allows to determine the energy stored quite accurately, which is verified by experimental results. The hardware-in-the-loop tests disclose that demand forecasting accuracies, especially electricity demand forecasting, as well as load profiles strongly impact the potential for CHP electricity utilization on-site in demand-oriented mode. Moreover, it is shown that a larger effective capacity of the thermal energy storage positively affects demand-oriented operation. In the hardware-in-the-loop tests, the fraction of electricity generated by the CHP unit utilized on-site could thus be increased by a maximum of 27% compared to heat-led operation, which is still the most common modus operandi of small-scale CHP plants. Hence, the hardware-in-the-loop tests were adequate to prove the significant impact of the proposed algorithm for optimization of demand-oriented operation of CHP units.
KW  - optimization algorithm
KW  - demand-oriented
KW  - Monte Carlo method
KW  - CHP unit
KW  - thermal energy storage
KW  - hardware-in-the-loop
Y1  - 2021
SN  - 1872-9118
SS  - 1872-9118
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116974
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116974
VL  - 294
SP  - 17
S1  - 17
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  -