Open Access

Maud SchmiedeknechtORCiD

• In the following microchapter, the principle of recovery refers to waste as a source of energy. First, the role of waste management in the context of a circular economy transition is described with cross-sectoral impacts and the interconnectedness of waste treatment pathways with waste hierarchy stages and emissions reporting sectors. Then, circular economy policy frameworks integrated into existing management approaches of the EU member states are introduced, exemplifying policy instruments on a regional level, national level and EU-wide, ranging from legislation over economic incentives to voluntary tools. By understanding the specific sources of emissions and their allocation to different sectors, policymakers can better target interventions and initiatives to mitigate the environmental impact of waste. Finally, the Kalundborg Symbiosis is briefly introduced as a well-known example of an innovative waste recovery model. Successful industrial symbiosis relies on proactive collaboration, innovative solutions and supportive policies.