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Use of hyperspectral imaging for the quantification of organic contaminants on copper surfaces for electronic applications

  • To correctly assess the cleanliness of technical surfaces in a production process, corresponding online monitoring systems must provide sufficient data. A promising method for fast, large-area, and non-contact monitoring is hyperspectral imaging (HSI), which was used in this paper for the detection and quantification of organic surface contaminations. Depending on the cleaning parameter constellation, different levels of organic residues remained on the surface. Afterwards, the cleanliness was determined by the carbon content in the atom percent on the sample surfaces, characterized by XPS and AES. The HSI data and the XPS measurements were correlated, using machine learning methods, to generate a predictive model for the carbon content of the surface. The regression algorithms elastic net, random forest regression, and support vector machine regression were used. Overall, the developed method was able to quantify organic contaminations on technical surfaces. The best regression model found was a random forest model, which achieved an R2 of 0.7 and an RMSE of 7.65 At.-% C. Due to the easy-to-use measurement and the fast evaluation by machine learning, the method seems suitable for an online monitoring system. However, the results also show that further experiments are necessary to improve the quality of the prediction models.

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Metadaten
Author of HS ReutlingenRebner, Karsten
URN:urn:nbn:de:bsz:rt2-opus4-32201
DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165595
ISSN:1424-8220
Erschienen in:Sensors
Publisher:MDPI
Place of publication:Basel
Document Type:Journal article
Language:English
Publication year:2021
Tag:AES; HSI; RF; SVM; XPS; cleaning after soldering; cleanliness; elastic net; machine learning; multivariate analysis; organic residues; spectral imaging
Volume:21
Issue:16
Page Number:14
Article Number:5595
DDC classes:620 Ingenieurwissenschaften und Maschinenbau
Open access?:Ja
Licence (German):License Logo  Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International