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Gender pay gaps are commonly studied in populations with already completed educational careers. We focus on an earlier stage by investigating the gender pay gap among university students working alongside their studies. With data from five cohorts of a large-scale student survey from Germany, we use regression and wage decomposition techniques to describe gender pay gaps and potential explanations. We find that female students earn about 6% less on average than male students, which reduces to 4.1% when accounting for a rich set of explanatory variables. The largest explanatory factor is the type of jobs male and female students pursue.
Context: Companies that operate in the software-intensive business are confronted with high market dynamics, rapidly evolving technologies as well as fast-changing customer behavior. Traditional product roadmapping practices, such as fixed-time-based charts including detailed planned features, products, or services typically fail in such environments. Until now, the underlying reasons for the failure of product roadmaps in a dynamic and uncertain market environment are not widely analyzed and understood.
Objective: This paper aims to identify current challenges and pitfalls practitioners face when developing and handling product roadmaps in a dynamic and uncertain market environment.
Method: To reach our objective we conducted a grey literature review (GLR).
Results: Overall, we identified 40 relevant papers, from which we could extract 11 challenges of the application of product roadmapping in a dynamic and uncertain market environment. The analysis of the articles showed that the major challenges for practitioners originate from overcoming a feature-driven mindset, not including a lot of details in the product roadmap, and ensuring that the content of the roadmap is not driven by management or expert opinion.
Context: Nowadays the market environment is characterized by high uncertainties due to high market dynamics, confronting companies with new challenges in creating and updating product roadmaps. Most companies are still using traditional approaches which typically fail in such environments. Therefore, companies are seeking opportunities for new product roadmapping approaches.
Objective: This paper presents good practices to support companies better understand what factors are required to conduct a successful product roadmapping in a dynamic and uncertain market environment.
Method: Based on a grey literature review, essential aspects for conducting product roadmapping in a dynamic and uncertain market environment were identified. Expert workshops were then held with two researchers and three practitioners to develop best practices and the proposed approach for an outcome-driven roadmap. These results were then given to another set of practitioners and their perceptions were gathered through interviews.
Results: The study results in the development of 9 good practices that provide practitioners with insights into what aspects are crucial for product roadmapping in a dynamic and uncertain market environment. Moreover, we propose an approach to product roadmapping that includes providing a flexible structure and focusing on delivering value to the customer and the business. To ensure the latter, this approach consists of the main items outcome hypothesis, validated outcomes, and discovered outputs.
Turning students into Industry 4.0 entrepreneurs: design and evaluation of a tailored study program
(2022)
Startups in the field of Industry 4.0 could be a huge driver of innovation for many industry sectors such as manufacturing. However, there is a lack of education programs to ensure a sufficient number of well-trained founders and thus a supply of such startups. Therefore, this study presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a university course tailored to the characteristics of Industry 4.0 entrepreneurship. Educational design-based research was applied with a focus on content and teaching concept. The study program was first implemented in 2021 at a German university of applied sciences with 25 students, of which 22 participated in the evaluation. The evaluation of the study program was conducted with a pretest–posttest-design targeting three areas: (1) knowledge about the application domain, (2) entrepreneurial intention and (3) psychological characteristics. The entrepreneurial intention was measured based on the theory of planned behavior. For measuring psychological characteristics, personality traits associated with entrepreneurship were used. Considering the study context and the limited external validity of the study, the following can be identified in particular: The results show that a university course can improve participants' knowledge of this particular area. In addition, perceived behavioral control of starting an Industry 4.0 startup was enhanced. However, the results showed no significant effects on psychological characteristics.
Enterprises and societies currently face crucial challenges, while Society 5.0 can contribute to a supersmart society, especially for manufacturing and healthcare, and Industry 4.0 becomes important in the global manufacturing industry. Smart energy digital platforms are architected to manage energy supply efficiently. Furthermore, the above digital platforms are expected to collect various kinds of data and analyze Big Data for the trends in the sharing economy in ecosystems. The adaptive integrated digital architecture framework (AIDAF) for Design Thinking Approach with Risk Management is expected to make an alignment with digital IT strategy. In this paper, we propose that various energy management systems and related digital platforms are designed and implemented in an alignment to digital IT strategy for sharing economy toward Society 5.0, with the AIDAF framework for Design Thinking Approach with Risk Management. The vision of AIDAF applications to enable sharing economy and digital platforms is explained and extended in the context of Society 5.0. In addition, challenges and future activities for this area are discussed that cover the directions of smart energy for Society 5.0.
An autonomous vehicle is a robotic vehicle with decision and action capability capable of performing assigned tasks without or with minimal human intervention. Autonomous cars have been in development for many years. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE International) published in 2014 a classification in five levels of driving automation, with level 0 corresponding to completely manual driving, and level 5 to an ideal dream where the vehicle would be able to navigate entirely autonomously for all missions and in all environments. This work addressed the navigation of an autonomous vehicle in general. We focus on one of the most complex scenarios of the road network and crossing of road intersections. In this paper, the critical features of autonomous intelligent vehicles are reviewed. Furthermore, the associated problems are presented, and the most advanced solutions are derived. This article aims to allow a novice in this field to understand the different facets of localization and perception problems for autonomous vehicles.
The volume includes papers presented at the International KES Conference on Human Centred Intelligent Systems 2022 (KES HCIS 2022), held in Rhodes, Greece on June 20–22, 2022. This book highlights new trends and challenges in intelligent systems, which play an important part in the digital transformation of many areas of science and practice. It includes papers offering a deeper understanding of the human-centred perspective on artificial intelligence, of intelligent value co-creation, ethics, value-oriented digital models, transparency, and intelligent digital architectures and engineering to support digital services and intelligent systems, the transformation of structures in digital businesses and intelligent systems based on human practices, as well as the study of interaction and the co-adaptation of humans and systems.
Glioblastoma WHO IV belongs to a group of brain tumors that are still incurable. A promising treatment approach applies photodynamic therapy (PDT) with hypericin as a photosensitizer. To generate a comprehensive understanding of the photosensitizer-tumor interactions, the first part of our study is focused on investigating the distribution and penetration behavior of hypericin in glioma cell spheroids by fluorescence microscopy. In the second part, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) was used to correlate fluorescence lifetime (FLT) changes of hypericin to environmental effects inside the spheroids. In this context, 3D tumor spheroids are an excellent model system since they consider 3D cell–cell interactions and the extracellular matrix is similar to tumors in vivo. Our analytical approach considers hypericin as probe molecule for FLIM and as photosensitizer for PDT at the same time, making it possible to directly draw conclusions of the state and location of the drug in a biological system. The knowledge of both state and location of hypericin makes a fundamental understanding of the impact of hypericin PDT in brain tumors possible. Following different incubation conditions, the hypericin distribution in peripheral and central cryosections of the spheroids were analyzed. Both fluorescence microscopy and FLIM revealed a hypericin gradient towards the spheroid core for short incubation periods or small concentrations. On the other hand, a homogeneous hypericin distribution is observed for long incubation times and high concentrations. Especially, the observed FLT change is crucial for the PDT efficiency, since the triplet yield, and hence the O2 activation, is directly proportional to the FLT. Based on the FLT increase inside spheroids, an incubation time 30 min is required to achieve most suitable conditions for an effective PDT.
Since half a decade, there has been an increasing interest in Robotic Process Automation (RPA) by business firms. However, academic literature has been lacking attention to RPA, before adopting the topic to a larger extent. The aim of this study is to review and structure the latest state of scholarly research on RPA. This chapter is based on a systematic literature review that is used as a basis to develop a conceptual framework to structure the field. Our study shows that some areas of RPA have been extensively examined by many authors, e.g. potential benefits of RPA. Other categories, such as empirical studies on adoption of RPA or organisational readiness models, have remained research gaps.
Durch die Entwicklungen der vergangenen Jahre hin zu technisch komplexeren Maschinen und Anlagen steigt die Bedeutung der Instandhaltung als wesentlichem Schlüssel zur Sicherung der Verfügbarkeit von Maschinen und Anlagen. Wesentliche Ansatzpunkte zur Verbesserung sind hier die Verfügbarkeit von Informationen, voraussagende Instandhaltungsstrategien und eine verbesserte Informationsbereitstellung. Diese können auf technischer Ebene durch spezialisierte Cyberphysische Systeme realisiert werden. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Überblick über die wesentlichen Bausteine, aus smarten Komponenten, smarten Planungssystemen und smarten Benutzerschnittstellen gegeben, die für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung notwendig sind.