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Global acting rating agencies were held responsible for the latest financial market crisis. False estimations in rating, non-transparent methods, processes and systems as well as a lack of qualification of rating analysts have been points of criticism. The level of the tightened regulation of the agencies in the USA and in Europe is pointed out in this article. All relevant institutions and norms as well as the international and national standards from the German point of view are presented and exhaustively analyzed. In doing so it is illustrated, that in this olio-political market one can definitely speak about protection with regard to the admission and accreditation of the agencies.
Herein the optimization of the physicochemical properties and surface biocompatibility of polyelectrolyte multilayers of the natural, biocompatible and biodegradable, linear polysaccharides hyaluronan and chitosan by Hofmeister anions was systematically investigated. We demonstrated that there is an interconnection between the bulk and surface properties of HA/Chi multilayers both varying in accordance with the arrangement of the anions in the Hofmeister series. Kosmotropic anions increased the hydration, thickness, micro- and macro-roughness, and hydrophilicity and improved the biocompatibility of the films by reduction (2 orders of magnitude) of the films stiffness and complete anti-thrombogenicity.
Medizinprodukte sind Gegenstände, Stoffe oder Software mit medizinischer Zweckbestimmung für die Anwendung am Menschen. Diese werden von Medizinprodukteherstellern entwickelt und auf den Markt eingeführt. Da die falsche Anwendung von Medizinprodukten bei Menschen zu Verletzbarkeit des menschlichen Körpers führen kann, ist eine angemessene Qualität der Medizinprodukte zu gewährtleisten. Um die Sicherstellung der Qualität einzuhalten, sind Medizinproduktehersteller verpflichtet, sich an die Medizinprodukteverordnung (MDR) zu halten. Für risikoreiche Produkte ist ergänzend die Nutzung eines Qualitätsmanagementsystems (QMS) verpflichtend. Dieses steuert die Struktur, Verantwortlichkeiten, Verfahren und Prozesse des Unternehmens, die für die Medizinprodukteentwicklung notwendig sind. In Zeiten der Digitalisierung werden Softwarelösungen eingesetzt, um die zeitaufwendigen Dokumentations- und Administrationstätigkeiten im QMS zu reduzieren und die Prozesse zu optimieren. Mit der Einführung einer Software wird ein QMS in der Praxis auch als elektronisches QMS (eQMS) bezeichnet. Weiterhin muss das gesamte QMS mit den Regularien konform sein. Deshalb ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit, mithilfe der regulatorischen Anforderungen herauszuarbeiten, welche Vorgaben bei der Einführung eines eQMS zu beachten sind und wie diese erfüllt werden können. Diese Arbeit bezieht sich auf die regulatorsichen Vorgaben aus der MDR und der ISO 13485. Die Norm beinhaltet Anforderungen an ein QMS von Medizinprodukten.
In this paper, an approach is introduced how reinforcement learning can be used to achieve interoperability between heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT) components. More specifically, we model an HTTP REST service as a Markov Decision Process and adapt Q-Learning to the properties of REST so that an agent in the role of an HTTP REST client can learn the semantics of the service and, especially an optimal sequence of service calls to achieve an application specific goal. With our approach, we want to open up and facilitate a discussion in the community, as we see the key for achieving interoperability in IoT by the utilization of artificial intelligence techniques.
Relationship between a high-performance work system and employee outcomes: a multilevel analysis
(2020)
Although research on high-performance work systems (HPWS) is increasing, there are few studies in which the focus is on whether and how firm-level HPWS affect individual-level employee outcomes. Using social identity theory, we examined the relationship between HPWS and employee outcomes, and the role organizational identification plays as a mediator in this relationship. We used a multilevel research design and collected data at the organizational and individual levels from a sample of 485 employees of 32 companies in Guangdong Province, China. We used Amos 17.0 and hierarchical linear modeling 6.08 software to examine our hypotheses and the theoretical model. Results showed that organizational identification fully mediated the relationship between HPWS and employees’ job performance as well as that between HPWS and their turnover intention. Our findings provide new insights into the relationship between firm-level human resource management and individual-level employee outcomes, and highlight the importance of considering the implementation of HPWS practices to strengthen employees’ identification with the organization and improve their performance.
Relationship marketing is an important issue in every business. Knowing the customers and establishing, maintaining and enhancing long-term customer relationships is a key component of long-term business success. Considering that sport is such big business today, it is surprising that this crucial approach to marketing has yet to be fully recognised either in literature or in the sports business itself. Relationship Marketing in Sports aims to fill this void by discussing and reformulating the principles of relationship marketing and by demonstrating how relationship marketing can be successfully applied in practice within a sports context. Written by a unique author team of academic and practitioner experience, the book provides the reader with: the first book to apply the principles of relationship marketing specifically to a sports context case studies from around the world to provide a uniquely global approach applicable worldwide strong pedagogical features including learning outcomes, overviews, discussion questions, glossary, guided reading and web links practical advice for professional, semi-professional and non-professional sporting organisations a companion website providing web links, case studies and PowerPoint slides for lecturers. Relationship Marketing in Sports is crucial reading for both students and professionals alike and marks a turning point in the marketing of sports.
As long as there have been professional sports, there have been relationships on different levels. For example, sponsorship (or patronage as it was called in the early days) was mostly based on personal relations between the local benefactors and their favourite sports club. Regarding media, clubs always maintained special relationships with selected journalists. The bond between fans and their clubs was always a close and mutually beneficial one. All these relationships existed from the start of the sports business. Therefore, relationship marketing is nothing new in the context of sports. Many sporting organisations always knew to value a deep and good relationship with their stakeholders and practised relationship marketing without being aware of it. Successful sports managers, however, take the old wisdom and turn it into a modern relationship marketing approach by structuring the various relationships in order to make them more effective and profitable for the own sporting organisation and the various stakeholders. This chapter ... illustrates the many facets of relationship marketing and the possibilities it offers in the context of the sports business.