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Der elektrische Wirkungsgrad stellt eines der wichtigsten Bewertungskriterien für BHKW dar, da über diese Größe ausgedrückt wird, wie viel des Wertproduktes „elektrische Energie“ bezogen auf die eingesetzte oder aufzuwendende Brennstoffenergie produziert werden kann. Ein hoher elektrischer Wirkungsgrad ist somit gleichbedeutend mit hohen Erlösen aus dem Verkauf der erzeugten elektrischen Energie und damit eine grundlegende Voraussetzung für einen wirtschaftlichen Betrieb eines BHKWs. Folglich sind die Hersteller von BHKW bestrebt, den elektrischen Wirkungsgrad ihrer Geräte kontinuierlich zu verbessern und nach oben zu treiben. Dieses Bemühen zeigt sich eindrucksvoll an der Entwicklung der mechanischen Effizienz von Gasmotoren der Firma GE Jenbacher. Während mit Motoren der Baureihe 6 im Leistungsbereich 1,8 – 4,4 MWel im Jahr 1988 eine mechanische Effizienz von 34% erreichbar war, liegt dieser Wert mittlerweile bei etwa 47,5%. Diese enorme Steigerung konnte im Wesentlichen durch eine Erhöhung des mittleren effektiven Zylinderarbeitsdrucks von etwa 10 bar im Jahr 1988 auf derzeit 24 bar erzielt werden. Dabei hilft der Magerbetrieb, der gleichzeitig ein Zurückdrängen der NOx-Emissionen bewirkt, die Klopfgrenze zu höheren Drücken hin zu verschieben. Eine sichere Zündung des Gas-Luft-Gemisches wird durch die Vorkammerzündung erreicht.
Context: Companies that operate in the software-intensive business are confronted with high market dynamics, rapidly evolving technologies as well as fast-changing customer behavior. Traditional product roadmapping practices, such as fixed-time-based charts including detailed planned features, products, or services typically fail in such environments. Until now, the underlying reasons for the failure of product roadmaps in a dynamic and uncertain market environment are not widely analyzed and understood.
Objective: This paper aims to identify current challenges and pitfalls practitioners face when developing and handling product roadmaps in a dynamic and uncertain market environment.
Method: To reach our objective we conducted a grey literature review (GLR).
Results: Overall, we identified 40 relevant papers, from which we could extract 11 challenges of the application of product roadmapping in a dynamic and uncertain market environment. The analysis of the articles showed that the major challenges for practitioners originate from overcoming a feature-driven mindset, not including a lot of details in the product roadmap, and ensuring that the content of the roadmap is not driven by management or expert opinion.
Objective: This paper aims at getting an understanding of current problems and challenges with roadmapping processes in companies that are facing volatile markets with innovative products. It also aims at gathering ideas and attempts on how to react to those challenges.
Method: As an initial step towards the objectice a semi-structured expert interview study with a case company in the Smart Home domain was conducted. Four employees from the case company with different roles around product roadmaps have been interviewed and a content analysis of the data has been performed.
Results: The study shows a significant consensus among the interviewees about several major challenges and the necessity to change the traditional roadmapping process and format. The interviewees stated that based on their experience traditional feature-based product roadmaps are increasingly losing their benefits (such as good planning certainty) in volatile environments. Furthermore, the ability to understand customer needs and behaviors has become highly important for creating and adjusting product roadmaps. The interviewees see the need for both, sufficiently stable goals on the roadmap and flexibility with respect to products or features to be developed. To reach this target the interviewees proposed to create roadmaps based on outcome goals instead of product features. In addition, it was proposed to decrease the level of detail of the roadmaps and to emphasize the long-term view. Decisions about which feature to develop should be open as long as possible. Expected benefits of such a new way of product roadmapping are higher user centricity, a stable overall direction, more flexibility with respect to development decisions, and less breaking of commitments.
”I have never seen one who loves virtue as much as he loves beauty,” Confucius once said. If beauty is more important as goodness, it becomes clear why people invest so much effort in their first impression. The aesthetic of faces has many aspects and there is a strong correlation to all characteristics of humans, like age and gender. Often, research on aesthetics by social and ethic scientists lacks sufficient labelled data and the support of machine vision tools. In this position paper we propose the Aesthetic-Faces dataset, containing training data which is labelled by Chinese and German annotators. As a combination of three image subsets, the AF-dataset consists of European, Asian and African people. The research communities in machine learning, aesthetics and social ethics can benefit from our dataset and our toolbox. The toolbox provides many functions for machine learning with state-of-the-art CNNs and an Extreme-Gradient-Boosting regressor, but also 3D Morphable Model technolo gies for face shape evaluation and we discuss how to train an aesthetic estimator considering culture and ethics.
Several studies analyzed existing Web APIs against the constraints of REST to estimate the degree of REST compliance among state-of-the-art APIs. These studies revealed that only a small number of Web APIs are truly RESTful. Moreover, identified mismatches between theoretical REST concepts and practical implementations lead us to believe that practitioners perceive many rules and best practices aligned with these REST concepts differently in terms of their importance and impact on software quality. We therefore conducted a Delphi study in which we confronted eight Web API experts from industry with a catalog of 82 REST API design rules. For each rule, we let them rate its importance and software quality impact. As consensus, our experts rated 28 rules with high, 17 with medium, and 37 with low importance. Moreover, they perceived usability, maintainability, and compatibility as the most impacted quality attributes. The detailed analysis revealed that the experts saw rules for reaching Richardson maturity level 2 as critical, while reaching level 3 was less important. As the acquired consensus data may serve as valuable input for designing a tool-supported approach for the automatic quality evaluation of RESTful APIs, we briefly discuss requirements for such an approach and comment on the applicability of the most important rules.
In order to explore an image, the human eye functions like a spotlight, scanning the content from one object to the next. This visual search behavior is implemented with the help of attention control. The following work surveys the visual search behavior in "Wimmelpictures", a special type of busy pictures. The research objective is to analyze different search strategies and to work out possible differences concerning age and gender. The university experiment is carried out by an eye tracker that records the fixations and saccades of the test persons. The results indicate three forms of search strategy: based on a pattern, based on feature selection, or a mixture of both. Our data shows the search for special features of the target is the most successful. Furthermore there are no differences concerning gender but some concerning age. All age groups need more time to locate the target with an increasing number of distractors in the image. The size of the target is also relevant as a larger target is found more quickly than the smaller one.