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In dieser Arbeit werden drei verschiedene Testumgebungen vorgestellt, welche in ein iteratives Vorgehen einfließen, um die Entwicklung von Augmented-Reality-Anwendungen zur Darstellung von autonomen Fahrfunktionen zu unterstützen.
Gestaltungsentwürfe und Softwareentwicklungen können in den Testumgebungen für unterschiedliche Zielsetzungen von Personenbefragungen vorgestellt und bewertet werden. Das entwicklungsbegleitende Testen ermöglicht eine frühzeitige Identifizierung von Änderungshinweisen, welche für einen gültigen Lösungsentwurf eingearbeitet werden können. Die entwickelten Testumgebungen sind ein verkleinertes Modell, ein Fahrsimulator und ein reales Fahrzeug. Eigenschaften, Funktionen und Aufbauten resultieren aus Erkenntnissen der Literatur und Erfahrungen aus ersten Entwicklungen. Diese und die Einsatzmöglichkeiten werden mit dieser Arbeit aufgezeigt.
Systemische Betrachtung des therapeutischen Roboters Paro im Vergleich zu dem Haustierroboter AIBO
(2020)
Roboter sind in der heutigen Zeit nicht nur in der Industrie zu finden, sondern werden immer häufiger in privaten Lebensbereichen eingesetzt. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist der soziale Therapie-Roboter Paro. Dieser ist dem Verhalten und Aussehen einer jungen Robbe nachempfunden, drückt Gefühle aus und wird besonders in Pflegeheimen eingesetzt. Dabei zeigt er positive Auswirkungen auf das Wohlbefinden pflegebedürftiger Menschen. Diese Arbeit stellt den Roboter Paro in einer systemischen Analyse dar: hierbei werden Systemkontext, Anwendungsfälle, Anforderungen und Struktur betrachtet. Anschließend erfolgt eine Analyse des Haustierroboters AIBO, welcher einem Welpen ähnelt und verstärkt der Unterhaltung von Privatpersonen dient. Es werden Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen den Systemen herausgearbeitet. Dabei wird ersichtlich, dass beide Systeme dem Nutzer vorrangig Gesellschaft leisten, jedoch verschiedene Anforderungen besitzen und in unterschiedlichen Anwendungsdomänen eingesetzt werden. Zudem besitzt AIBO vielfältigere Fähigkeiten und einen höheren Bewegungsgrad als Paro. Dies spiegelt sich in einer komplexeren Struktur der Hardware wider.
Power line communications (PLC) reuse the existing power-grid infrastructure for the transmission of data signals. As power line the communication technology does not require a dedicated network setup, it can be used to connect a multitude of sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Those IoT devices could be deployed in homes, streets, or industrial environments for sensing and to control related applications. The key challenge faced by future IoT-oriented narrowband PLC networks is to provide a high quality of service (QoS). In fact, the power line channel has been traditionally considered too hostile. Combined with the fact that spectrum is a scarce resource and interference from other users, this requirement calls for means to increase spectral efficiency radically and to improve link reliability. However, the research activities carried out in the last decade have shown that it is a suitable technology for a large number of applications. Motivated by the relevant impact of PLC on IoT, this paper proposed a cooperative spectrum allocation in IoT-oriented narrowband PLC networks using an iterative water-filling algorithm.
Companies are becoming aware of the potential risks arising from sustainability aspects in supply chains. These risks can affect ecological, economic or social aspects. One important element in managing those risks is improved transparency in supply chains by means of digital transformation. Innovative technologies like blockchain technology can be used to enforce transparency. In this paper, we present a smart contract-based Supply Chain Control Solution to reduce risks. Technological capabilities of the solution will be compared to a similar technology approach and evaluated regarding their benefits and challenges within the framework of supply chain models. As a result, the proposed solution is suitable for the dynamic administration of complex supply chains.
Bis zum Jahr 2050 soll in Baden Württemberg mit dem Ziel „50-80-90“ der Energiebedarf um 50% reduziert werden, die erneuerbaren Energien sollen zu 80% an der Energieversorgung beteiligt sein und die Emissionen von Treibhausgasen um 90% sinken.Entsprechende Ziele sind für andere Regionen und Länder in ähnlicher Weise festgelegt.
Damit diese Ziele erreicht werden, muss bei der Gebäudewärmeversorgung ein konsequenter Umbau stattfinden. Hier spielt die Sektorenkopplung mit Hilfe von Wärmepumpen (WP) eine entscheidende Rolle. Zur Abschätzung des Potenzials sowie des Aufwandes für einen großflächigen Einsatz von Wärmepumpen ist es unmöglich, eine spezifische und angepasste Dimensionierung der Wärmepumpensysteme für jedes einzelne Gebäude durchzuführen. Stattdessen müssen auf Seiten der Bebauung Referenzgebäude definiert und auf Seiten der Wärmepumpensysteme mittlere Leistungsdaten der am Markt befindlichen Modelle verwendet werden. Während die Festlegung von Referenzgebäuden verschiedentlich in der Literatur zu finden ist, widmet sich der erste Teil der Veröffentlichung der Vorstellung von Korrelationsfunktionen für die thermische und elektrische Leistung sowie die Leistungszahl (COP) von Wärmepumpen, die auf Basis von Herstellerdaten in Abhängigkeit der Quellen- und Vorlauftemperatur ermittelt wurden.
Konkret wurden als Ausgangsbasis für die Korrelationsfunktionen Datenblätter verschiedener Sole- und Luft-Wasser Wärmepumpen (SWP, LWP) zusammengestellt und ausgewertet. Die Grundlage hierfür war die Liste „Wärmepumpen mit Prüfnachweis eines unabhängigen Prüfinstituts“ des Bundesamts für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle (BAFA).
The planning and control of intralogistics systems in line with versatile production systems of smart factories requires new approaches and methods to cope with changing requirements within future factories. The planning of intralogistics can no longer follow a static, sequential approach as in the past since the planning assumptions are going to change in a high frequency. Reasons for these constant changes are amongst others external turbulences like rapidly changing market conditions, decreasing batch sizes down to customer-specific products with a batch size of one and on the other hand internal turbulences (like production and logistic resource breakdowns) affecting the production system. This paper gives an insight into research approaches and results how capabilities of intelligent logistical objects (intelligent bins, autonomous transport systems etc.) can be used to achieve a self-organized, cost and performance optimized intralogistics system with autonomously controlled process execution within versatile production environments. A first consistent method has been developed which has been validated and implemented within a scenario at the pilot factory Werk150 at the ESB Business School (Reutlingen University). Based on the incoming production orders, the method of the Extended Profitability Appraisal (EPA) covering the work system value to define the most effective work system for order fulfilment is applied. To derive the appropriate intralogistics processes, an autonomous control method involving principles of decentralized and target-oriented decision-making (e.g. intelligent bins are interacting with autonomously controlled transport systems to fulfil material orders of assembly workstations) has been developed and applied to achieve a target-optimized process execution. The results of the first stage research using predefined material sources and sinks described in this paper is going to set the basis for the further development of a self-organized and autonomously controlled method for intralogistics systems considering dynamic source and sink relations. By allowing dynamic shifts of production orders in the sense of dynamic source and sink relations the cost and performance aims of the intralogistics system can be directly aligned with the aims of the entire versatile production system in the sense of self-organized and autonomously controlled systems.
Scenario-based analysis is a comprehensive technique to evaluate software quality and can provide more detailed insights than e.g. maintainability metrics. Since such methods typically require significant manual effort, we designed a lightweight scenario-based evolvability evaluation method. To increase efficiency and to limit assumptions, the method exclusively targets service- and microservice-based systems. Additionally, we implemented web-based tool support for each step. Method and tool were also evaluated with a survey (N=40) that focused on change effort estimation techniques and hands-on interviews (N=7) that focused on usability. Based on the evaluation results, we improved method and tool support further. To increase reuse and transparency, the web-based application as well as all survey and interview artifacts are publicly available on GitHub. In its current state, the tool-supported method is ready for first industry case studies.
Methods based exclusively on heart rate hardly allow to differentiate between physical activity, stress, relaxation, and rest, that is why an additional sensor like activity/movement sensor added for detection and classification. The response of the heart to physical activity, stress, relaxation, and no activity can be very similar. In this study, we can observe the influence of induced stress and analyze which metrics could be considered for its detection. The changes in the Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences provide us with information about physiological changes. A set of measurements collecting the RR intervals was taken. The intervals are used as a parameter to distinguish four different stages. Parameters like skin conductivity or skin temperature were not used because the main aim is to maintain a minimum number of sensors and devices and thereby to increase the wearability in the future.
Energy efficient electric control of drives is more and more important for electric mobility and manufacturing industries. Online dynamic optimization of induction machines is challenging due to the computational complexity involved and the variable power losses during dynamic operation of induction machines. This paper proposes a simple technique for sub-optimal online loss optimization using rotor flux linkage templates for energy efficient dynamic operation of induction machines. Such a rotor flux linkage template is given by a rotor flux linkage trajectory which is optimal for a specific scenario. This template is calculated in an offline optimization process. For a specific scenario during real time operation the rotor flux linkage is calculated by appropriately scaling the given template.
In this paper, we present a new approach for achieving robust performance of data structures making it easier to reuse the same design for different hardware generations but also for different workloads. To achieve robust performance, the main idea is to strictly separate the data structure design from the actual strategies to execute access operations and adjust the actual execution strategies by means of so-called configurations instead of hard-wiring the execution strategy into the data structure. In our evaluation we demonstrate the benefits of this configuration approach for individual data structures as well as complex OLTP workloads.
The automation of work by means of disruptive technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is currently intensely discussed in business practice and academia. Recent studies indicate that many tasks manually conducted by humans today will not in the future. In a similar vein, it is expected that new roles will emerge. The aim of this study is to analyze prospective employment opportunities in the context of RPA in order to foster our understanding of the pivotal qualifications, expertise and skills necessary to find an occupation in a completely changing world of work. This study is based on an explorative, content analysis of 119 job advertisements related to RPA in Germany. The data was collected from major German online job platforms, qualitatively coded, and subsequently analyzed quantitatively. The research indicates that there indeed are employment opportunities, especially in the consulting sector. The positions require different technological expertise such as specific programming languages and knowledge in statistics. The results of this study provide guidance for organizations and individuals on reskilling requirements for future employment. As many of the positions require profound IT expertise, the generally accepted perspective that existing employees affected by automation can be retrained to work in the emerging positions has to be seen extremely critical. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by providing a novel perspective on the ongoing discussion of employment opportunities, and reskilling demands of the existing workforce in the context of recent technological developments and automation.
Medizinprodukte sind Gegenstände, Stoffe oder Software mit medizinischer Zweckbestimmung für die Anwendung am Menschen. Diese werden von Medizinprodukteherstellern entwickelt und auf den Markt eingeführt. Da die falsche Anwendung von Medizinprodukten bei Menschen zu Verletzbarkeit des menschlichen Körpers führen kann, ist eine angemessene Qualität der Medizinprodukte zu gewährtleisten. Um die Sicherstellung der Qualität einzuhalten, sind Medizinproduktehersteller verpflichtet, sich an die Medizinprodukteverordnung (MDR) zu halten. Für risikoreiche Produkte ist ergänzend die Nutzung eines Qualitätsmanagementsystems (QMS) verpflichtend. Dieses steuert die Struktur, Verantwortlichkeiten, Verfahren und Prozesse des Unternehmens, die für die Medizinprodukteentwicklung notwendig sind. In Zeiten der Digitalisierung werden Softwarelösungen eingesetzt, um die zeitaufwendigen Dokumentations- und Administrationstätigkeiten im QMS zu reduzieren und die Prozesse zu optimieren. Mit der Einführung einer Software wird ein QMS in der Praxis auch als elektronisches QMS (eQMS) bezeichnet. Weiterhin muss das gesamte QMS mit den Regularien konform sein. Deshalb ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit, mithilfe der regulatorischen Anforderungen herauszuarbeiten, welche Vorgaben bei der Einführung eines eQMS zu beachten sind und wie diese erfüllt werden können. Diese Arbeit bezieht sich auf die regulatorsichen Vorgaben aus der MDR und der ISO 13485. Die Norm beinhaltet Anforderungen an ein QMS von Medizinprodukten.
At DBKDA 2019, we demonstrated that StrongDBMS with simple but rigorous optimistic algorithms, provides better performance in situations of high concurrency than major commercial database management systems (DBMS). The demonstration was convincing but the reasons for its success were not fully analysed. There is a brief account of the results below. In this short contribution, we wish to discuss the reasons for the results. The analysis leads to a strong criticism of all DBMS algorithms based on locking, and based on these results, it is not fanciful to suggest that it is time to re-engineer existing DBMS.
The recovery of our body and brain from fatigue directly depends on the quality of sleep, which can be determined from the results of a sleep study. The classification of sleep stages is the first step of this study and includes the measurement of vital data and their further processing. The non-invasive sleep analysis system is based on a hardware sensor network of 24 pressure sensors providing sleep phase detection. The pressure sensors are connected to an energy-efficient microcontroller via a system-wide bus. A significant difference between this system and other approaches is the innovative way in which the sensors are placed under the mattress. This feature facilitates the continuous use of the system without any noticeable influence on the sleeping person. The system was tested by conducting experiments that recorded the sleep of various healthy young people. Results indicate the potential to capture respiratory rate and body movement.
Matthias Varga von Kibéd und Insa Sparrer unterscheiden zwischen drei verschiedenen Aufstellungsmethoden (Sparrer und Varga von Kibéd, o. D.): Der spezifisch (konkreten), der virtuellen und der prototypischen Aufstellung. Bei spezifischen Aufstellungen wird ein konkretes Anliegen eines Klienten betrachtet. Im Gegensatz dazu, werden bei virtuellen Aufstellungen eine Übungsumgebung geschaffen. In dieser können Aufstellungstechniken und Interventionsmethoden geübt werden. Bei prototypischen Strukturaufstellungen werden Themen zusammengefasst, die mehrere Teilnehmer im Seminar berühren bzw. in deren Alltag immer wieder auftreten können. Dieses Thema wird wie eine spezifische Aufstellung bearbeitet jedoch ohne ein konkretes vorliegendes Anliegen. Beispiele für prototypische Strukturaufstellungen kommen aus vielen Bereichen z.B. dem Führungsalltag, Teamentwicklung, Konfliktmanagement, Gesprächsführung, Zeit‐ und Selbstmanagement.
Product roadmaps are an important tool in product development. They provide direction, enable consistent development in relation to a product vision and support communication with relevant stakeholders. There are many different formats for product roadmaps, but they are often based on the assumption that the future is highly predictable. However, especially software-intensive businesses are faced with increasing market dynamics, rapidly evolving technologies and changing user expectations. As a result, many organizations are wondering what roadmap format is appropriate for them and what components it should have to deal with an unpredictable future. Objectives: To gain a better understanding of the formats of product roadmaps and their components, this paper aims to identify suitable formats for the development and handling of product roadmaps in dynamic and uncertain markets. Method: We performed a grey literature review (GLR) according to the guidelines from Garousi. Results: A Google search identified 426 articles, 25 of which were included in this study. First, various components of the roadmap were identified, especially the product vision, themes, goals, outcomes and outputs. In addition, various product roadmap formats were discovered, such as feature-based, goal-oriented, outcome-driven and a theme-based roadmap. The roadmap components were then assigned to the various product roadmap formats. This overview aims at providing initial decision support for companies to select a suitable product roadmap format and adapt it to their own needs.
Context: A product roadmap is an important tool in product development. It sets the strategic direction in which the product is to be developed to achieve the company’s vision. However, for product roadmaps to be successful, it is essential that all stakeholders agree with the company’s vision and objectives and are aligned and committed to a common product plan.
Objective: In order to gain a better understanding of product roadmap alignment, this paper aims at identifying measures, activities and techniques in order to align the different stakeholders around the product roadmap.
Method: We conducted a grey literature review according the guidelines to Garousi et al.
Results: Several approaches to gain alignment were identified such as defining and communicating clear objectives based on the product vision, conducting cross-functional workshops, shuttle diplomacy, and mission briefing. In addition, our review identified the “Behavioural Change Stairway Model” that suggests five steps to gain alignment by building empathy and a trustful relationship.
In recent years companies have faced challenges by high market dynamics, rapidly evolving technologies and shifting user expectations. Together with the adaption of lean and agile practices, it is increasingly difficult to predict upfront which products, features or services will satisfy the needs of the customers and the organization. Currently, many new products fail to produce a significant financial return. One reason is that companies are not doing enough product discovery activities. Product discovery aims at tackling the various risks before the implementation of a product starts. The academic literature only provides little guidance for conducting product discovery in practice. Objective: In order to gain a better understanding of product discovery activities in practice, this paper aims at identifying motivations, approaches, challenges, risks, and pitfalls of product discovery reported in the grey literature. Method: We performed a grey literature review (GLR) according to the guidelines to Garousi et al. Results: The study shows that the main motivation for conducting product discovery activities is to reduce the uncertainty to a level that makes it possible to start building a solution that provides value for the customers and the business. Several product discovery approaches are reported in the grey literature which include different phases such as alignment, problem exploration, ideation, and validation. Main challenges are, among others, the lack of clarity of the problem to be solved, the prescription of concrete solutions through management or experts, and the lack of cross-functional collaboration.
Due to decreased mobility or families living apart, older adults are especially vulnerable to the issue of social isolation. Literature suggests that technology can help to prevent this isolation. The present work addresses an approach to participate in society by sharing knowledge that is cherished. We propose the cooking recipe exchange application PrecRec for older adults to make them feel precious and valued. PrecRec has been developed and evaluated in an iterative process with eleven older adults. The results show that a broad perspective has to be taken into account when designing such systems.