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It is known that the costs related with drug research and development (R&D) and the timelines to develop a new drug increased over the past years. In parallel, the success rates of drug projects along the pharmaceutical R&D phases are still very low, and the outcome of all R&D efforts is stagnating. In consequence, the R&D efficiency defined as the financial investment per drug has been steadily decreasing. As innovation is the major growth driver of the pharmaceutical industry, reliable data on R&D efficiency and new concepts to overcome these challenges are of great interest for R&D managers and the sustainability of the pharmaceutical industry as a whole. This book chapter reviews publications on R&D performance indicators of the past years, such as the success rates and timelines per phase. Additionally, it illustrates the factors influencing the success rates, timelines, and costs of pharmaceutical R&D most and, thus, the denominators of the R&D efficiency.
A lot of people need help in their daily life to wash, select and manage their clothing. The goal of this work is to design an assistant system (eKlarA) to support the user by giving recommendations to choose the clothing combinations, to find the clothing and to wash the clothing. The idea behind eKlarA is to generate a system that uses sensors to identify the clothing and their state in the clothing cycle. The clothing cycle consists of the stations: closets, laundry basket and washing machine in one or several places. The system uses the information about the clothing, weather and calendar to support the user in the different steps of the clothing cycle. The first prototype of this system has been developed and tested. The test results are presented in this work.
The acquisition of data for reality mining applications is a critical factor, since many mobile devices, e.g. smartphones, must be capable of capturing the required data. Otherwise, only a small target group would be able to use the reality mining application. In the course of a survey, we have identified smartphone features which might be relevant for various reality mining applications. The survey classifies these features and shows how the support of each feature has changed over the years by analyzing 143 smartphones released between 2004 and 2015. All analyzed devices can be ranked by their number of provided features. Furthermore, this paper deals with quality issues which have occurred during carrying out the survey.
Many organizations identified the opportunities of big data analytics to support the business with problem-specific insights through the exploitation of generated data. Socio-technical solutions are developed in big data projects to reach competitive advantage. Although these projects are aligned to specific business needs, common architectural challenges are not addressed in a comprehensive manner. Enterprise architecture management is a holistic approach to tackle the complex business and IT architecture. The transformation of an organization's EA is influenced by big data projects and their data-driven approach on all layers. To enable strategy oriented development of the EA it is essential to synchronize these projects supported by EA management. In
this paper, we conduct a systematic review of big data literature to analyze which requirements for the EA management discipline are proposed. Thereby, a broad overview about existing research is presented to facilitate a more detailed exploration and to foster the evolution o the EA management discipline.
For many companies, it is major international sporting events (in particular the Football World Cup or the Olympic Games) that constitute the ideal platform for the integration of their target group-specific marketing communication into an attractive sports environment. Sports event organizers sell exclusive marketing rights for their events to official sponsors, who, in return, acquire exclusive options to utilize the event for their own advertising purposes. Ambush marketing is the method used by companies that do not hold marketin rights to an event, but still use their marketing activities in diverse ways to establish a connection to it. There is still whidespread debate and confusion about the topic. Ambush marketing is often defined in different ways, by different people, according to their position as either supporters of opponents of the practice.
To illustrate the power and the pitfalls of Bionic Optimization, we will show some examples spanning classes of applications and employing various strategies. These applications cover a broad range of engineering tasks. Nevertheless, there is no guarantee that our experiences and our examples will be sufficient to deal with all questions and issues in a comprehensive way. As general rule it might be stated, that for each class of problems, novices should begin with a learning phase. So, in this introductory phase, we use simple and quick examples, e.g., using small FE-models, linear load cases, short time intervals and simple material models. Here beginners within the Bionic Optimization community can learn which parameter combinations to use. In Sect. 3.3 we discuss strategies for optimization study acceleration. Making use of these parameters as starting points is one way to set the specific ranges, e.g., number of parents and kids, crossing, mutation radii and, numbers of generations. On the other hand, these trial runs will doubtless indicate that Bionic Optimization needs large numbers of individual designs, and considerable time and computing power. We recommend investing enough time preparing each task in order to avoid the frustration should large jobs fail after long calculation times.
Application to CAE systems
(2016)
Due to the broad acceptance of CAD-systems based on 3D solids, the geometric data of all common CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering) software, at least in mechanical engineering, are based on these solids. We use solid models, where the space filled by material is defined in a simple and easily useable way. Solid models allow for the development of automated meshers that transform solid volumes into finite elements. Even after some unacceptable initial trials, users are able to generate meshes of non-trivial geometries within minutes to hours, instead of days or weeks. Once meshing had no longer been the cost limiting factor of finite element studies, numerical simulation became a tool for smaller industries as well.
Due to the broad acceptance of CAD-systems based on 3D solids , the geometric data of all common CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering) software, at least in mechanical engineering, are based on these solids. We use solid models , where the space filled by material is defined in a simple and easily useable way. Solid models allow for the development of automated meshers that transform solid volumes into finite elements. Even after some unacceptable initial trials, users are able to generate meshes of non-trivial geometries within minutes to hours, instead of days or weeks. Once meshing had no longer been the cost limiting factor of finite element studies, numerical simulation became a tool for smaller industries as well.
In the early days of automated meshing development, there were discussions over the use of tetragonal (Fig. 4.1) or hexagonal based meshes. But, after a short period of time, it became evident, that there were and will always be many problems using automated meshers to generate hexagonal elements . So today nearly all automated 3D-meshing systems use tetragonal elements .
The evolution of Services Oriented Architectures (SOA) presents many challenges due to their complex, dynamic and heterogeneous nature. We describe how SOA design principles can facilitate SOA evolvability and examine several approaches to support SOA evolution. SOA evolution approaches can be classified based on the level of granularity they address, namely, service code level, service interaction level and model level. We also discuss emerging trends, such as microservices and knowledge-based support, which can enhance the evolution of future SOA systems.
In this chapter we introduce methods to improve mechanical designs by bionic methods. In most cases we assume that a general idea of the part or system is given by a set of data or parameters. Our task is to modify these free parameters so that a given goal or objective is optimized without violation of any of the existing restrictions.
Branding in sports
(2016)
Brands are ubiquitous in the sports business. The significance of the brand is fuelled not only by the various functions that a brand performs for providers and consumers in sports, but by the monetary value that brands have come to represent for sporting organizations. As part of the commercialization and professionalization of sports, a uniform brand presence is becoming increasingly important for sporting organizations. The implication is the need for systematic and integral brand management. This chapter initially examines the key features of sports from the marketing perspective and the most important fundamentals of sport marketing. Based on this, we will demonstrate specifically how brands in sports are established and cultivated.