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Enterprises are currently transforming their strategy, processes, and their information systems to extend their degree of digitalization. The potential of the Internet and related digital technologies, like Internet of Things, services computing, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, big data with analytics, mobile systems, collaboration networks, and cyber physical systems both drives and enables new business designs. Digitalization deeply disrupts existing businesses, technologies and economies and fosters the architecture of digital environments with many rather small and distributed structures. This has a strong impact for new value producing opportunities and architecting digital services and products guiding their design through exploiting a Service-Dominant Logic. The main result of the book chapter extends methods for integral digital strategies with value-oriented models for digital products and services which are defined in the framework of a multi-perspective digital enterprise architecture reference model.
Unternehmen sind derzeit dabei, ihre Strategie, ihre Prozesse und ihre Informationssysteme zu verändern, um ihren Digitalisierungsgrad zu erhöhen. Das Potenzial des Internets und verwandter digitaler Technologien wie Internet der Dinge, Services Computing, Cloud Computing, künstliche Intelligenz, Big Data mit Analysen, mobile Systeme, Kollaborationsnetzwerke und cyber-physikalische Systeme treibt neue Geschäftsmodelle an und ermöglicht sie. Die Digitalisierung führt zu einer tiefgreifenden Umwälzung bestehender Unternehmen, Technologien und Volkswirtschaften und fördert die Architektur digitaler Umgebungen mit vielen eher kleinen und verteilten Strukturen. Dies hat starke Auswirkungen auf neue Wertschöpfungsmöglichkeiten und die Gestaltung digitaler Dienste und Produkte, die durch die Nutzung einer service-dominanten Logik gesteuert werden. Das Hauptergebnis des Buchkapitels erweitert Methoden für integrale digitale Strategien um wertorientierte Modelle für digitale Produkte und Dienstleistungen, die im Rahmen eines multiperspektivischen digitalen Unternehmensarchitektur-Referenzmodells definiert werden.
The digital transformation of our society changes the way we live, work, learn, communicate, and collaborate. The digitization of software-intensive products and services is enabled basically by four megatrends: Cloud computing, big data mobile systems, and social technologies. This disruptive change interacts with all information processes and systems that are important business enablers for the current digital transformation. The internet of things, social collaboration systems for adaptive case management, mobility systems and services for big data in cloud services environments are emerging to support intelligent user-centered and social community systems. Modern enterprises see themselves confronted with an ever growing design space to engineer business models of the future as well as their IT support, respectively. The decision analytics in this field becomes increasingly complex and decision support, particularly for the development and evolution of sustainable enterprise architectures (EA), is duly needed. With the advent of intelligent user-centered and social community systems, the challenging decision processes can be supported in more flexible and intuitive ways. Tapping into these systems and techniques, the engineers and managers of the enterprise architecture become part of a viable enterprise, i.e. a resilient and continuously evolving system that develops innovative business models.
This chapter presents an introduction to the emerging trends for architecting the digital transformation having a strong focus on digital products, intelligent services, and related systems together with methods, models and architectures. The primary aim of this book is to highlight some of the most recent research results in the field. We are providing a focused set of brief descriptions of the chapters included in the book.
In diesem Kapitel wird eine Einführung in die sich abzeichnenden Trends bei der Gestaltung der digitalen Transformation gegeben, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf digitalen Produkten, intelligenten Diensten und damit verbundenen Systemen sowie auf Methoden, Modellen und Architekturen liegt. Das primäre Ziel dieses Buches ist es, einige der neuesten Forschungsergebnisse auf diesem Gebiet hervorzuheben. Wir stellen eine Reihe von Kurzbeschreibungen der im Buch enthaltenen Kapitel zur Verfügung.
Besides the optimisation of the car, energy-efficiency and safety can also be increased by optimising the driving behaviour. Based on this fact, a driving system is in development whose goal is to educate the driver in energy efficient and safe driving. It monitors the driver, the car and the environment and gives energy-efficiency and safety relevant recommendations. However, the driving system tries not to distract or bother the driver by giving recommendations for example during stressful driving situations or when the driver is not interested in that recommendation. Therefore, the driving system monitors the stress level of the driver as well as the reaction of the driver to a given recommendation and decideswhether to give a recommendation or not. This allows to suppress recommendations when needed and, thus, to increase the road safety and the user acceptance of
the driving system.
This review gives a short overview of the physical processes involved in the formation of the polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) and their destruction. These two processes are vital for the formation of PEMs with desired physical and chemical structures, and for loading them with active substances and their spatial controlled release. It includes a survey of the physical and chemical properties that are key points for controlling film nanostructure in relation to biological processes and different possibilities for controlling cell behavior by means of film composition, bioactivity, mechanical properties, and three-dimensional organization.
Die Coronapandemie hat Deutschland seit dem Frühjahr 2020 fest im Griff. Eine zentrale Maßnahme zur Verlangsamung der Ausbreitung des Coronavirus war von Beginn an die Schließung von Schulen. In einer ersten Studie wurden die Lernzeitverluste durch die Corona-bedingten Schulschließungen im Frühjahr 2020 quantifiziert (Wößmann, Freundl, Lergetporer, Grewenig, Werner & Zierow, 2020). Es zeigte sich, dass sich die Lernzeit der Schülerinnen und Schüler durch die Schulschließungen halbiert hatte und die Verluste bei leistungsschwächeren Schülerinnen und Schülern besonders groß waren. Im Frühjahr 2020 wurde die Verringerung der Lernzeit von den Schulen nicht kompensiert: Nur ein kleiner Teil der Schülerinnen und Schüler hatte in dieser Phase regelmäßigen Distanzunterricht und täglichen Kontakt mit Lehrkräften. Während der Sommer- und Herbstmonate seit der Phase der ersten Schulschließungen hatten Schulverwaltung, Schulen und Lehrkräfte Zeit, sich auf Distanzunterricht und digitale Lehrmethoden umzustellen, um Lernausfällen während etwaiger erneuter Schulschließungen entgegenzuwirken. Inwiefern dies dazu geführt hat, dass die Schülerinnen und Schüler während der Schulschließungen Anfang 2021 tatsächlich mehr Zeit mit Lernen verbracht haben als im Frühjahr 2020, ist jedoch bislang weitgehend unbekannt.
Um zu erfahren, mit welchen Aktivitäten die Schulkinder die Zeit der Schulschließungen Anfang 2021 verbracht haben, wurde erneut eine deutschlandweite Umfrage durchgeführt, diesmal unter mehr als 2.000 Eltern von Schulkindern. Die Ergebnisse liefern umfassende Einblicke in den Alltag von Schulkindern, Eltern und Schulen während der Schulschließungen Anfang 2021. Sie zeigen, wie viele Stunden die Schulkinder in dieser Phase mit Lernen und anderen kreativen und passiven Tätigkeiten verbracht haben, welche konkreten Maßnahmen die Schulen ergriffen haben, um den Schulbetrieb aufrechtzuerhalten, wie effektiv das Lernen zu Hause war, und wie die Eltern das häusliche Lernumfeld einschätzen. Dabei vergleichen wir die Aktivitäten während der Schulschließungen Anfang 2021 mit den Aktivitäten während der ersten Corona-bedingten Schulschließungen im Frühjahr 2020 sowie mit den Aktivitäten vor Corona (vgl. Wößmann et al., 2020). Wir berichten zudem Ergebnisse zum sozio-emotionalen Wohlbefinden der Kinder nach einem Jahr Coronapandemie und zu den Einschätzungen der Eltern, welche breiteren Auswirkungen die Schulschließungen auf verschiedene Lebensbereiche ihrer Kinder haben. Die Befragung liefert somit neue empirische Erkenntnisse über mögliche Folgen der Corona-Krise für den Bildungserfolg von Kindern in Deutschland. Dabei untersuchen wir auch, inwiefern sich die Auswirkungen der Schulschließungen zwischen leistungsstärkeren und -schwächeren Schülerinnen und Schülern sowie zwischen Akademikerkindern und Nicht-Akademikerkindern unterscheiden.
CODE RED FOR HUMANITY. The alarm bells are deafening, and the evidence is irrefutable: greenhouse-gas emissions from fossil-fuel burning and deforestation are choking our planet and putting billions of people at immediate risk. Global heating is affecting every region on Earth, with many of the changes becoming irreversible. (Guterres 2021)
The digitalisation ongoing in households and sustainability-related challenges are multifaceted and complex. The introducing quote of the United Nations Secretary-General refers to the latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), emphasising the urgency to act – now. As of today, becoming a sustainable population is still a distant destination. As outlined in the previous chapters, the challenges associated with that transformation remain huge, complex, and largely unsolved. Recent dramas such as the power incident in Texas (2021), the floods in Germany (2021), or the drought in sub-Saharan Africa (2020s) – are just a few of the uncountable issues stirring up the debate about fossil-fuel abandonment and the timing of climate neutrality. Business research can actually be accused of referring to the persistent focus on gains and growth, despite early warnings for society at large (e.g., Meadows et al., 1972; Kölsch & Veit, 1981; Veit & Thatcher, 2023). However, academic researchers, corporations, and society are now waking up, as shown by the climate change conference. In fact, it appears that the information systems (IS) discipline just began tackling mammoth challenges around climate change within the last decade (Melville, 2010; Watson et al., 2010). The central discussion in emerging work revolves around the role and use of digital technologies on the path to a healthy planet. But while early studies have focused on organisational settings (e.g., Gholami et al., 2016; Seidel et al., 2013), increasingly research addresses private settings (e.g., Wunderlich et al., 2019).
The evolution of Services Oriented Architectures (SOA) presents many challenges due to their complex, dynamic and heterogeneous nature. We describe how SOA design principles can facilitate SOA evolvability and examine several approaches to support SOA evolution. SOA evolution approaches can be classified based on the level of granularity they address, namely, service code level, service interaction level and model level. We also discuss emerging trends, such as microservices and knowledge-based support, which can enhance the evolution of future SOA systems.
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the importance of word-of-mouth for fashion companies and to answer the research questions if fashion companies should integrate their customers actively in their marketing communication and if so, how can they approach the conversion of their customers into promoters?
Findings: The integraton of the customer into the marketing mix is inevitable in today's marketplace. Customers are heavily influencing the fashion industry escpecially the transmission of trends. Thereof, a redefinition and proactive integration of the customer as promoter is necessary.
This article covers the design of highly integrated gate drivers and level shifters for high-speed, high power efficiency and dv/dt robustness with focus on automotive applications. With the introduction of the 48 V board net in addition to the conventional 12 V battery, there is an increasing need for fast switching integrated gate drivers in the voltage range of 50 V and above. State-of-the-art drivers are able to switch 50 V in less than 5 ns. The high-voltage electrical drive train demands for galvanic isolated and highly integrated gate drivers. A gate driver with bidirectional signal transmission with a 1 MBit/s amplitude modulation, 10/20 MHz frequency modulation and power transfer over one single transformer will be discussed. The concept of high-voltage charge storing enables an area-efficient fully integrated bootstrapping supply with 70 % less area consumption. EMC is a major concern in automotive. Gate drivers with slope control optimize EMC while maintaining good switching efficiency. A current mode gate driver, which can change its drive current within 10 ns, results in 20 dBuV lower emissions between 7 and 60 MHz and 52 % lower switching loss compared to a conventional constant current gate driver.
Seit über 160 Jahren ist die Hochschule Reutlingen ein Innovationsmtor in der Region. Die Webschule zur Förderung der Textilindustrie entwickelt sich in dieser Zeit zu einer der größten Hochschulen für angewandte Wissenschaften im Land. An fünf Fakultäten studieren mehr als 5500 Fach- und Führungskräfte von morgen - praxisnah und mit internationaler Ausrichtung.
Natural wood colors occur within a wide range from almost white (e.g., white poplar), various yellowish, reddish, and brownish hues to almost black (e.g., ebony). The intrinsic color of wood is basically defined by its chemical composition. However, other factors such as specific anatomical formations or physical properties further affect the optical impression. Starting with the chemical composition of wood and anatomical basics, wood color and its modifications are discussed in this chapter. The classic method of coloring or re-coloring wood-based material surfaces is the application of a coating containing appropriate dyes or pigments. Different concepts for wood coating and coloration are presented. Another method used dyes for coloration of the wood structure. As alternative techniques, physical methods, for example, drying, steaming, ammoniation, bleaching, enzyme treatment, as well as treatment with electromagnetic irradiation (e.g., UV), are explained in this chapter.
A lot of people need help in their daily life to wash, select and manage their clothing. The goal of this work is to design an assistant system (eKlarA) to support the user by giving recommendations to choose the clothing combinations, to find the clothing and to wash the clothing. The idea behind eKlarA is to generate a system that uses sensors to identify the clothing and their state in the clothing cycle. The clothing cycle consists of the stations: closets, laundry basket and washing machine in one or several places. The system uses the information about the clothing, weather and calendar to support the user in the different steps of the clothing cycle. The first prototype of this system has been developed and tested. The test results are presented in this work.
§ 251 Haftungsverhältnisse
(2023)
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