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Im Frühjahr 1817 unternahm der damalige Professor Friedrich List an der Universität Tübingen eine Reise nach Frankfurt a. M., wo zu dieser Zeit die berühmte Ostermesse stattfand. Dort traf er mit den Anführern der Kaufleute zusammen, die darüber klagten, dass die zaghafte wirtschaftliche Entwicklung unter den vielen Zollschranken und den Billigimporten aus England stark zu leiden habe. Deshalb forderten sie die Abschaffung der Binnenzölle und die Bildung einer Wirtschaftsunion. Im Auftrag der Kaufleute verfasste List seine berühmt gewordene Petition an die Bundesversammlung, die lose Interessenvertretung des Deutschen Bundes in Frankfurt. Als die Petition mit großem Beifall aufgenommen wurde, gründete List im Hochgefühl seines Erfolges spontan den "Allgemeinen Deutschen Handels- und Gewerbsverein" – die erste Interessenvertretung deutscher Kaufleute. Er legte damit den Grundstein für den politischen Prozess zur Gründung des Zollvereins von 1834, der wiederum die Vorstufe zur Gründung des Deutschen Reiches von 1871 bildete. Lists damalige Forderungen sind zurzeit wieder hoch aktuell.
Exogenous factors of influence on exhaled breath analysis by ion-mobility spectrometry (MCC/IMS)
(2019)
The interpretation of exhaled breath analysis needs to address to the influence of exogenous factors, especially to a transfer of confounding analytes by the test persons. A test person who was exposed to a disinfectant had exhaled breath analysis by MCC/IMS (Bioscout®) after different time intervals. Additionally, a new sampling method with inhalation of synthetic air before breath analysis was tested. After exposure to the disinfectant, 3-Pentanone monomer, 3-Pentanone dimer, Hexanal, 3-Pentanone trimer, 2-Propanamine, 1-Propanol, Benzene, Nonanal showed significantly higher intensities, in exhaled breath and air of the examination room, compared to the corresponding baseline measurements. Only one ingredient of the disinfectant (1-Propanol) was identical to the 8 analytes. Prolonging the time intervals between exposure and breath analysis showed a decrease of their intensities. However, the half-time of the decrease was different. The inhalation of synthetic air - more than consequently airing the examination room with fresh air - reduced the exogenous and also relevant endogenous analytes, leading to a reduction and even changing polarity of the alveolar gradient. The interpretation of exhaled breath needs further knowledge about the former residence of the proband and the likelihood and relevance of the inhalation of local, site-specific and confounding exogenous analytes by him. Their inhalation facilitates a transfer to the examination room and a detection of high concentrations in room air and exhaled breath, but also the exhalation of new analytes. This may lead to a misinterpretation of these analytes as endogenous resp. disease-specific ones.
Standardisation of breath sampling is important for application of breath analysis in clinical settings. By studying the effect of room airing on indoor and breath analytes and by generating time series of room air with different sampling intervals we sought to get further insights into room air metabolism, to detect the relevance of exogenous VOCs and to make conclusions about their consideration for the interpretation of exhaled breath. Room air and exhaled breath of a healthy subject were analysed before and after room airing. Furthermore a time series of room air with doors and windows closed was taken over 84 h by an automatic sampling every 180 min. A second times series studied room air analytes over 70 h with samples taken every 16.5 min. For breath and room air measurements an IMS coupled to a multi-capillary column (IMS/MCC) [Bio-Scout® - B&S Analytik GmbH, Dortmund, Germany] was used. The peaks were characterized using the Software Visual Now (B&S Analytik, Dortmund Germany) and identified using the software package MIMA (version 1.1, provided by the Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany) and the database 20160426_SubstanzDbNIST_122 (B & S Analytik GmbH, Dortmund, Germany). In the morning 4 analytes (Decamethylcylopentasiloxane [541-02-6]; Pentan-2-one [107-87-9] – Dimer; Hexan-1-al [66-25-1]; Pentan-2-one [107-87-9]) – Monomer showed high intensities in the room air and exhaled breath. They were significantly but not equally reduced by room airing. The time series about 84 h showed a time dependent decrease of analytes (limonen-monomer and -dimer; Decamethylcylopentasiloxane, Butan-1-ol, Butan-1-ol) as well as increase (Pentan-2-one [107-87-9] – Dimer). Shorter sampling intervals exhibited circadian variations of analyte concentrations for many analytes. Breath sampling in the morning needs room airing before starting. Then the variation of the intensity of indoor analytes can be kept small. The time series of indoor analytes show, that their intensities have a different behaviour, with time dependent declines, constant increases and circadian variations, dependent on room airing. This has implications on the breath sampling procedure and the intrepretation of exhaled breath.
Woven piezoelectric sensors as part of the textile reinforcement of fiber reinforced plastics
(2019)
Sensor integration in fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) structures enables online process and structural health monitoring (SHM). This paper describes the development and application of woven fabric-based piezoelectric impact and bending sensors for integration into FRP. The work focuses on design and characterization of woven piezoelectric sensors, especially as a part of the reinforcement structure. The reinforcement of the component acts as a sensor in itself and therefore no additional external objects in the form of sensor components or sensor fibers, which could create unwanted weak points within the FRP, are added. The bending test results reveal a direct relationship between the applied load and the sensor signal. Furthermore, the appropriate sensor position in the component cross section was determined and the influence of thermal polarization on the sensor properties was investigated.
We propose a method for recognizing dynamic gestures using a 3D sensor. New aspects of the developed system include problem-adapted data conversion and compression as well as automatic detection of different variants of the same gesture via clustering with a suitable metric inspired by Jaccard metric. The combination of Hidden Markov Models and clustering leads to robust detection of different executions based on a small set of training data. We achieved an increase of 5% recognition rate compared to regular Hidden Markov Models. The system has been used for human-machine interaction and might serve as an assistive system in physiotherapy and neurological or orthopedic diagnosis.
Urban platforms are essential for smart and sustainable city planning and operation. Today they are mostly designed to handle and connect large urban data sets from very different domains. Modelling and optimisation functionalities are usually not part of the cities software infrastructure. However, they are considered crucial for transformation scenario development and optimised smart city operation. The work discusses software architecture concepts for such urban platforms and presents case study results on the building sector modelling, including urban data analysis and visualisation. Results from a case study in New York are presented to demonstrate the implementation status.
Der Halo-Effekt im Fußball
(2019)
Der Halo-Effekt ist eine aus der Sozialpsychologie bekannte kognitive Verzerrung. Ein Halo-Effekt tritt dann auf, wenn ein globaler Eindruck oder eine Information über ein hervorstechendes Merkmal die Beurteilung anderer Eigenschaften prägt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen: Gibt es einen Halo-Effekt im Fußball? Überstrahlt der sportliche Erfolg bzw. Misserfolg die Wahrnehmung der Fans womöglich sogar hinsichtlich nicht-sportlicher Aspekte? Der Beitrag gibt den aktuellen Stand zur Halo-Forschung wider und präsentiert die Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung, in deren Rahmen Fans von Vereinen aus der deutschen Fußball-Bundesliga befragt werden.
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising manufacturing method for many industrial sectors. For this application, industrial requirements such as high production volumes and coordinated implementation must be taken into account. These tasks of the internal handling of production facilities are carried out by the Production Planning and Control (PPC) information system. A key factor in the planning and scheduling is the exact calculation of manufacturing times. For this purpose we investigate the use of Machine Learning (ML) for the prediction of manufacturing times of AM facilities.
Computers are increasingly used in teams in various contexts, for example in negotiations. Especially when using computer-support for decision making processes, it is an important question whether active collaboration within the team - for example via audio-conference - has additional benefits beyond the supply of full task-relevant information via computer. In team negotiations, team representatives are only able to represent the whole team, if diverse preferences of the team members are aligned prior to the negotiation. In an experimental study with 150 participants, we provided team members with the complete information about each other's preferences during an either collaboratively (computer-mediated) or seperately conducted computer-supported negotiation preparation and subsequently asked them for their priorities as representatives of the team. Our results showed that providing complete task-relevant information via computer is insufficient to compensate for the absence of active collaboration within the team.
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur extrinsischen Kalibrierung wenigstens eines bildgebenden Sensors, wonach eine Pose des wenigstens einen bildgebenden Sensors relativ zu dem Ursprung (U) eines dreidimensionalen Koordinatensystems einer Handhabungseinrichtung mittels einer Recheneinrichtung bestimmt wird, wobei bekannte dreidimensionale Koordinaten betreffend die Position wenigstens eines Gelenks der Handhabungseinrichtung durch die Recheneinrichtung berücksichtigt werden, und wobei zweidimensionale Koordinaten betreffend die Position des wenigstens einen Gelenks anhand von Rohdaten des wenigstens einen bildgebenden Sensors ermittelt werden, und wobei die Recheneinrichtung die Pose des wenigstens einen bildgebenden Sensors anhand der Korrespondenz zwischen den zweidimensionalen Koordinaten und den dreidimensionalen Koordinaten bestimmt.