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While the recently emerged microservices architectural style is widely discussed in literature, it is difficult to find clear guidance on the process of refactoring legacy applications. The importance of the topic is underpinned by high costs and effort of a refactoring process which has several other implications, e.g. overall processes (DevOps) and team structure. Software architects facing this challenge are in need of selecting an appropriate strategy and refactoring technique. One of the most discussed aspects in this context is finding the right service granularity to fully leverage the advantages of a microservices architecture. This study first discusses the notion of architectural refactoring and subsequently compares 10 existing refactoring approaches recently proposed in academic literature. The approaches are classified by the underlying decomposition technique and visually presented in the form of a decision guide for quick reference. The review yielded a variety of strategies to break down a monolithic application into independent services. With one exception, most approaches are only applicable under certain conditions. Further concerns are the significant amount of input data some approaches require as well as limited or prototypical tool support.
The promise of immutable documents to make it easier and less expensive for consumers and producers to collaborate in a verifiable way would represent an enormous progress, especially as companies strive for establish service contracts which are based on the flow of many small transactions using machine-to-machine communication. The blockchain technology logs these data, verifies the authenticity and make them available for service offers. This work deals with an architecture enabling to setup order processing between consumers and produceers using blockchain. In this way, the technical feasibility is shown and the special characteristics of blockchain production networks will be discussed.
Maintainability assurance techniques are used to control this quality attribute and limit the accumulation of potentially unknown technical debt. Since the industry state of practice and especially the handling of service- and microservice-based systems in this regard are not well covered in scientific literature, we created a survey to gather evidence for a) used processes, tools, and metrics in the industry, b) maintainability-related treatment of systems based on service orientation, and c) influences on developer satisfaction w.r.t. maintainability. 60 software professionals responded to our online questionnaire. The results indicate that using explicit and systematic techniques has benefits for maintainability. The more sophisticated the applied methods the more satisfied participants were with the maintainability of their software while no link to a hindrance in productivity could be established. Other important findings were the absence of architecture-level evolvability control mechanisms as well as a significant neglect of service-oriented particularities for quality assurance. The results suggest that industry has to improve its quality control in these regards to avoid problems with long living service-based software systems.
To bring a pattern-based perspective to the SOA vs. microservices discussion, we qualitatively analyzed a total of 118 SOA patterns from 2 popular catalogs for their (partial) applicability to microservices. Patterns had to hold up to 5 derived microservices principles to be applicable. 74 patterns (63%) were categorized as fully applicable, 30 (25%) as partially applicable, and 14 (12%) as not applicable. Most frequently violated microservices characteristics werde Decentralization and Single System. The findings suggest that microservices and SOA share a large set of architectural principles and solutions in the general space of service-based systems while only having a small set of differences in specific areas.
Digital Enterprise Architecture allows multiple viewpoints on a company’s IT landscape. To gain valuable information out of huge amounts of operational data, it is indispensable to have both an understanding of the operations architecture and an engine capable of managing Big Data. The mechanism of understanding huge amounts of data is based on three main steps: collect, process and use. The main idea is focused on extracting valuable information out of Big Data to make better design decisions. The Elastic Stack is an open-source solution to comfortably and quickly handle Big Data scenarios.
Enterprise Governance, Risk and Compliance (GRC) systems are key to managing risks threatening modern enterprises from many different angles. Key constituent to GRC systems is the definition of controls that are implemented on the different layers of an Enterprise Architecture (EA). As part of the compliance aspect of GRC, the effectiveness of these controls is assessed and reported to relevant management bodies within the enterprise. In this paper we present a metamodel which links controls to the affected elements of an EA and supplies a way of expressing associated assessment techniques and results. We complement the metamodel with an expository instantiation in a cockpit for control compliance applied in an international enterprise in the insurance industry.
As production workspaces become more mobile and dynamic it becomes increasingly important to reliably monitor the overall state of the environment. Therein manipulators or other robotic systems likely have to be able to act autonomously together with humans and other systems within a joint workspace. Such interactions require that all components in non-stationary environments are able to perceive the state relative to each other. As vision-sensors provide a rich source of information to accomplish this, we present RoPose, a convolutional neural network (CNN) based approach, to estimate the two dimensional joint configuration of a simulated industrial manipulator from a camera image. This pose information can further be used by a novel targetless calibration setup to estimate the pose of the camera relative to the manipulator’s space. We present a pipeline to automatically generate synthetic training data and conclude with a discussion of the potential usage of the same pipeline to acquire real image datasets of physically existent robots.
The basic idea behind a wearable robotic grasp assistancesystem is to support people that suffer from severe motor impairments in daily activities. Such a system needs to act mostly autonomously and according to the user’s intent. Vision-based hand pose estimation could be an integral part of a larger control and assistance framework. In this paper we evaluate the performance of egocentric monocular hand pose estimation for a robot-controlled hand exoskeleton in a simulation. For hand pose estimation we adopt a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). We train and evaluate this network with computer graphics, created by our own data generator. In order to guide further design decisions we focus in our experiments on two egocentric camera viewpoints tested on synthetic data with the help of a 3D-scanned hand model, with and without an exoskeleton attached to it.We observe that hand pose estimation with a wrist-mounted camera performs more accurate than with a head-mounted camera in the context of our simulation. Further, a grasp assistance system attached to the hand alters visual appearance and can improve hand pose estimation. Our experiment provides useful insights for the integration of sensors into a context sensitive analysis framework for intelligent assistance.
The digitization of our society changes the way we live, work, learn, communicate, and collaborate. This defines the strategical context for composing resilient enterprise architectures for micro-granular digital services and products. The change from a closed-world modeling perspective to more flexible open-world composition and evolution of system architectures defines the moving context for adaptable systems, which are essential to enable the digital transformation. Enterprises are presently transforming their strategy and culture together with their processes and information systems to become more digital. The digital transformation deeply disrupts existing enterprises and economies. Since years a lot of new business opportunities appeared using the potential of the Internet and related digital technologies, like Internet of Things, services computing, cloud computing, big data with analytics, mobile systems, collaboration networks, and cyber physical systems. Digitization fosters the development of IT systems with many rather small and distributed structures, like Internet of Things or mobile systems. In this paper, we are focusing on the continuous bottom-up integration of micro-granular architectures for a huge amount of dynamically growing systems and services, like Internet of Things and Microservices, as part of a new digital enterprise architecture. To integrate micro-granular architecture models to living architectural model versions we are extending more traditional enterprise architecture reference models with state of art elements for agile architectural engineering to support the digitalization of services with related products, and their processes.
The digital transformation of our life changes the way we work, learn, communicate, and collaborate. Enterprises are presently transforming their strategy, culture, processes, and their information systems to become digital. The digital transformation deeply disrupts existing enterprises and economies. Digitization fosters the development of IT systems with many rather small and distributed structures, like Internet of Things, Microservices and mobile services. Since years a lot of new business opportunities appear using the potential of services computing, Internet of Things, mobile systems, big data with analytics, cloud computing, collaboration networks, and decision support. Biological metaphors of living and adaptable ecosystems provide the logical foundation for self optimizing and resilient run-time environments for intelligent business services and adaptable distributed information systems with service oriented enterprise architectures. This has a strong impact for architecting digital services and products following both a value-oriented and a service perspective. The change from a closed world modeling world to a more flexible open-world composition and evolution of enterprise architectures defines the moving context for adaptable and high distributed systems, which are essential to enable the digital transformation. The present research paper investigates the evolution of Enterprise Architecture considering new defined value-oriented mappings between digital strategies, digital business models and an improved digital enterprise architecture.