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Heat pumps are a vital element for reaching the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets in the heating sector, but their system integration requires smart control approaches. In this paper, we first offer a comprehensive literature review and definition of the term control for the described context. Additionally, we present a control approach, which consists of an optimal scheduling module coupled with a detailed energy system simulation module. The aim of this integrated two part control approach is to improve the performance of an energy system equipped with a heat pump, while recognizing the technical boundaries of the energy system in full detail. By applying this control to a typical family household situation, we illustrate that this integrated approach results in a more realistic heat pump operation and thus a more realistic assessment of the control performance, while still achieving lower operational costs.
Bis zum Jahr 2050 soll in Baden Württemberg mit dem Ziel „50-80-90“ der Energiebedarf um 50% reduziert werden, die erneuerbaren Energien sollen zu 80% an der Energieversorgung beteiligt sein und die Emissionen von Treibhausgasen um 90% sinken.Entsprechende Ziele sind für andere Regionen und Länder in ähnlicher Weise festgelegt.
Damit diese Ziele erreicht werden, muss bei der Gebäudewärmeversorgung ein konsequenter Umbau stattfinden. Hier spielt die Sektorenkopplung mit Hilfe von Wärmepumpen (WP) eine entscheidende Rolle. Zur Abschätzung des Potenzials sowie des Aufwandes für einen großflächigen Einsatz von Wärmepumpen ist es unmöglich, eine spezifische und angepasste Dimensionierung der Wärmepumpensysteme für jedes einzelne Gebäude durchzuführen. Stattdessen müssen auf Seiten der Bebauung Referenzgebäude definiert und auf Seiten der Wärmepumpensysteme mittlere Leistungsdaten der am Markt befindlichen Modelle verwendet werden. Während die Festlegung von Referenzgebäuden verschiedentlich in der Literatur zu finden ist, widmet sich der erste Teil der Veröffentlichung der Vorstellung von Korrelationsfunktionen für die thermische und elektrische Leistung sowie die Leistungszahl (COP) von Wärmepumpen, die auf Basis von Herstellerdaten in Abhängigkeit der Quellen- und Vorlauftemperatur ermittelt wurden.
Konkret wurden als Ausgangsbasis für die Korrelationsfunktionen Datenblätter verschiedener Sole- und Luft-Wasser Wärmepumpen (SWP, LWP) zusammengestellt und ausgewertet. Die Grundlage hierfür war die Liste „Wärmepumpen mit Prüfnachweis eines unabhängigen Prüfinstituts“ des Bundesamts für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle (BAFA).
Heat pumps in combination with a photovoltaic system are a very promising option for the transformation of the energy system. By using such a system for coupling the electricity and heat sectors, buildings can be heated sustainably and with low greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reveals a method for dimensioning a suitable system of heat pump and photovoltaics (PV) for residential buildings in order to achieve a high level of (photovoltaic) PV self-consumption. This is accomplished by utilizing a thermal energy storage (TES) for shifting the operation of the heat pump to times of high PV power production by an intelligent control algorithm, which yields a high portion of PV power directly utilized by the heat pump. In order to cover the existing set of building infrastructure, 4 reference buildings with different years of construction are introduced for both single- and multi-family residential buildings. By this means, older buildings with radiator heating as well as new buildings with floor heating systems are included. The simulations for evaluating the performance of a heat pump/PV system controlled by the novel algorithm for each type of building were carried out in MATLAB-Simulink® 2017a. The results show that 25.3% up to 41.0% of the buildings’ electricity consumption including the heat pump can be covered directly from the PV installation per year. Evidently, the characteristics of the heating system significantly influence the results: new buildings with floor heating and low supply temperatures yield a higher level of PV self-consumption due to a higher efficiency of the heat pump compared to buildings with radiator heating and higher supply temperatures. In addition, the effect of adding a battery to the system was studied for two building types. It will be shown that the degree of PV self-consumption increases in case a battery is present. However, due to the high investment costs of batteries, they do not pay off within a reasonable period.
Rising consumption due to a growing world population and increasing prosperity, combined with a linear economic system have led to a sharp increase in garbage collection, general pollution of the environment and the threat of resource scarcity. At the same time, the perception of environmental protection becomes more sensitive as the consequences of neglecting sustainable business and eco-efficiency become more visible. The Circular Economy (CE) could reduce waste production and is able to decouple economic growth from resource consumption, but most of the products currently in use are not designed for the reuse-forms of the CE. In addition, the decision-making process of the End of-Usage (EoU) products regarding the following steps has further weaknesses in terms of economic attractiveness for the participants, which leads to low return rates and thus the disposal is often the only alternative.
This paper proposes a model of the decision-making process, which uses machine learning. For this purpose, a Machine Learning (ML) classification is created, by applying the waterfall model. An artificial neural network (ANN) uses information about the model, use phase and the obvious symptoms of the product to predict the condition of individual components. The resulting information can be used in a downstream economic and ecological evaluation to assess the possible next steps. To test this process comprehensive training data is simulated to train the ANN. The decentralized implementation, cost savings and the possibility of an incentive system for the return of an end-of-usage product could lead to increased return rates. Since electronic devices in particular are attractive for the CE, laptops are the reference object of this work. However, the obtained findings are easily applicable to other electronic devices.
In this paper, we address the novel EDP (Expert Design Plan) principle for procedural design automation of analog integrated circuits, which captures the knowledge-based design strategy of human circuit designers in an executable script, making it reusable. We present the EDP Player, which enables the creation and execution of EDPs for arbitrary circuits in the Cadence® Virtuoso® Design Environment. The tool provides a generic version of an instruction set, called EDPL (EDPLanguage), enabling emulation of a typical manual analog sizing flow. To automate the design of a Miller Operational Amplifier and to create variants of a Smart Power IC, several EDPs were implemented using this tool. Employing these EDPs leads to a strong reduction of design time without compromising design quality or reliability.
The Virtual Power Plant Neckar-Alb is a demonstration platform for operation, optimization and control of distributed energy resources, which are able to produce, store or consume electric energy. A heterogeneous set of distributed energy devices has been installed at the Campus of Reutlingen University by the Reutlingen Energy Centre (REZ) of the School of Engineering. The distributed energy devices have been combined to local microgrids and connected to an operative central power plant with additional participants. The demonstration platform serves students, researchers and industry experts for education and investigation of new technologies, devices and software.
A digital twin - a replica of energy devices - was established in the computing environment of MATLAB and Simulink. It simulates continuously their operation and is time synchronized and connected to the cenral energy management and control system of a virtual power plant. The model can be used as a platform for testing device performance in various conditions, working schedules and new optimization options.
Anders als Digital-ICs, die hochautomatisiert entworfen werden können, ist der Entwurf analoger ICs bis heute Handarbeit. Übliche auf Optimierung basierende Automatisierungsverfahren scheitern. Die Ursachen wurden jetzt in einem Forschungsprojekt untersucht, um neue Ansätze zur Entwurfsautomatisierung analoger ICs abzuleiten.
The desire to combine advanced user friendly interfaces with a product personality communicating environmental friendliness to customers poses new challenges for car interior designers, as little research has been carried out in this field to date. In this paper, the creation of three personas aimed at defining key German car users with pro environmental behaviour is presented. After collecting ethnographic data of potential drivers through literature review, information about generation and Euro car segment led to the definition of three key user groups. The resulting personas were applied to determine the most important interaction points in car interior. Finally, present design cues of eco-friendly product personality developed in the field of automotive design were explored. Our work presents three strategic directions for the design development of future in-car user interfaces named as a) foster multimodal mobility; b) emphasize the interlinkage economy - sustainable driving; and c) highlight new technological developments. The presented results are meant as an impulse for developers to fit the needs of green customers and drivers when designing user-friendly HMI components.
