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An apparatus and method for analyzing a flow of material having an inlet region, a measurement range and an outlet region, and having a first diverter and a second diverter, and a deflection area, wherein in a first state of operation, the two diverters form a continuous first material flow space from the inlet region via the first diverter through the measurement range, via the second diverter to the outlet region, and in a second state of operation, form a continuous second material flow space from the inlet region via the first diverter through the deflection area, via the second diverter to the outlet region.
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Analyse eines Materialstroms S mit einem Einlassbereich E, einem Messbereich M und einen Auslassbereich A sowie mit einer ersten Weiche W1 und einer zweiten Weiche W2 und einem Umlenkbereich U, wobei die beiden Weichen W1, W2 in einem ersten Schaltzustand Z1 einen durchgängigen ersten Materialdurchströmungsraum vom Einlassbereich E über die erste Weiche W1 durch den Messbereich M über die zweite Weiche W2 bis zum Auslassbereich A ausbilden und in einem zweiten Schaltzustand einen durchgängigen zweiten Materialdurchströmungsraum vom Einlassbereich E über die erste Weiche W1 durch den Umkenkbereich U über die zweite Weiche W2 bis zum Auslassbereich A ausbilden.
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Analyse eines Materialstroms (S) mit einem Einlassbereich (E), einem Messbereich (M) und einen Auslassbereich (A) sowie mit einer ersten Weiche (W1) und einer zweiten Weiche (W2) und einem Umlenkbereich (U), wobei die beiden Weichen (W1, W2) in einem ersten Schaltzustand (Z1) einen durchgängigen ersten Materialdurchströmungsraum vom Einlassbereich (E) über die erste Weiche (W1) durch den Messbereich (M) über die zweite Weiche (W2) bis zum Auslassbereich (A) ausbilden und in einem zweiten Schaltzustand einen durchgängigen zweiten Materialdurchströmungsraum vom Einlassbereich (E) über die erste Weiche (W1) durch den Umlenkbereich (U) über die zweite Weiche (W2) bis zum Auslassbereich (A) ausbilden.
Here, we report the continuous peroxide-initiated grafting of vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) onto a standard polyolefin by means of reactive extrusion to produce a functionalized liquid ethylene propylene copolymer (EPM). The effects of the process parameters governing the grafting reaction and their synergistic interactions are identified, quantified and used in a mathematical model of the extrusion process. As process variables the VTMS and peroxide concentrations and the extruder temperature setting were systematically studied for their influence on the grafting and the relative grafting degree using a face-centered central composite design (FCD). The grafting degree was quantified by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to calculate the most efficient grafting process in terms of chemical usage and graft yield. With the defined processing window, it was possible to make precise predictions about the grafting degree with at the same time highest possible relative degree of grafting.
A systematic study using a central composite design of experiments (DoE) was performed on the oxygen plasma surface modifications of two different polymers—Pellethane 2363-55DE, which is a polyurethane, and vinyltrimethoxysilane-grafted ethylene-propylene (EPR-g-VTMS), a cross-linked ethylene-propylene rubber. The impacts of four parameters—gas pressure, generator power, treatment duration, and process temperature—were assessed, with static contact angles and calculated surface free energies (SFEs) as the main responses in the DoE. The plasma effects on the surface roughness and chemistry were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Through the sufficiently accurate DoE model evaluation, oxygen gas pressure was established as the most impactful factor, with the surface energy and polarity rising with falling oxygen pressure. Both polymers, though different in composition, exhibited similar modification trends in surface energy rise in the studied system. The SEM images showed a rougher surface topography after low pressure plasma treatments. XPS and subsequent multivariate data analysis of the spectra established that higher oxidized species were formed with plasma treatments at low oxygen pressures of 0.2 mbar.
Film formation of self synthesized Polymer EPM–g–VTMDS (ethylene–propylene rubber, EPM, grafted with vinyltetramethyldisiloxane, VTMDS) was studied regarding bonding to adhesion promoter vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) on oxidized 18/10 chromium/nickel–steel (V2A) stainless steel surfaces. Polymer films of different mixed solutions including commercial siloxane and silicone, dimethyl, vinyl group terminated crosslinker (HANSA SFA 42100, CAS# 68083-19-2, 0.35 mmol Vinyl/g) and platinum, 1,3-diethenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane complex Karstedt's catalyst (ALPA–KAT 1, CAS# 68478-92-2) were spin coated on V2A stainless steel surfaces with adsorbed VTMS thin layers in order to analyze film formation of EPM–g–VTMDS at early stages. Surface topography and chemical bonding of the high performance polymers on different oxidized V2A surfaces were investigated with X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). AFM and SEM as well as XPS results indicated that the formation of the polymer film proceeds via growth of polymer islands. Chemical signatures of the essential polymer contributions, linker and polymer backbones, could be identified using XPS core level peak shape analysis and also SERS. The appearance of signals which are related to Si–O–Si can be seen as a clear indication of lateral crosslinking and silica network formation in the films on the V2A surface.