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Gender pay gaps are commonly studied in populations with already completed educational careers. We focus on an earlier stage by investigating the gender pay gap among university students working alongside their studies. With data from five cohorts of a large-scale student survey from Germany, we use regression and wage decomposition techniques to describe gender pay gaps and potential explanations. We find that female students earn about 6% less on average than male students, which reduces to 4.1% when accounting for a rich set of explanatory variables. The largest explanatory factor is the type of jobs male and female students pursue.
Durch die Entwicklungen der vergangenen Jahre hin zu technisch komplexeren Maschinen und Anlagen steigt die Bedeutung der Instandhaltung als wesentlichem Schlüssel zur Sicherung der Verfügbarkeit von Maschinen und Anlagen. Wesentliche Ansatzpunkte zur Verbesserung sind hier die Verfügbarkeit von Informationen, voraussagende Instandhaltungsstrategien und eine verbesserte Informationsbereitstellung. Diese können auf technischer Ebene durch spezialisierte Cyberphysische Systeme realisiert werden. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Überblick über die wesentlichen Bausteine, aus smarten Komponenten, smarten Planungssystemen und smarten Benutzerschnittstellen gegeben, die für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung notwendig sind.
Public transport causes in rural areas high costs per passenger and kilometer as the frequency of scheduled busses is low and therefore, many people avoid using public transport. With the trend of moving from urban regions to countryside individual traffic will further increase. To tackle issues of emissions, mobility for young and elderly people and provide economically meaningful public transport a new concept was elaborated in Germany. This consists of (partly) autonomous shuttle busses which are remote controlled. For implementation rural districts of Germany have worked together and set up a three-phase plan consisting of a project with public funding, a highly frequent used pilot region and industrial partners with the commitment and possibilities for necessary investments. The concept promises economical value with respect to installation, service and maintaining costs, it leads to lower barriers for public transport of young and elderly people and ultimately reduces emissions and congestions.
Das Buch untersucht die Umsetzung der Seidenstraßeninitiative (BRI) in Ostafrika. Die BRI gilt als das zentrale geopolitische und geoökonomische Vorhaben Chinas in der Ära von Präsident Xi Jinping. Durch die Arbeit soll ein Beitrag zur Schließung einiger Forschungslücken geleistet werden, etwa die mangelnde Tiefe von Untersuchungen einzelner BRI-Projekte und die Unterberücksichtigung von Verarbeitungsnarrativen in den teilnehmenden Ländern. Die Leitfrage ist, inwiefern die BRI ein politisches bzw. hegemoniales Projekt des von der KPCh gelenkten Staats-Zivilgesellschafts-Komplexes in Ostafrika ist. Zu deren Beantwortung werden Datenbanken internationaler Organisationen und Policy-Dokumente ausgewertet. Außerdem führt der Verfasser eine qualitative Inhaltsanalyse von Zeitungsartikeln lokaler Medienhäuser in den Ländern Äthiopien, Kenia und Tansania durch, um drei Infrastrukturprojekte zu untersuchen. Die Arbeit verdeutlicht, dass die BRI zur Steigerung der Konnektivität in Ostafrika beiträgt. Gleichzeitig führen die Verdichtung der ökonomischen Beziehungen und die Implementierung der Infrastrukturvorhaben in Ostafrika zu zahlreichen Konsequenzen und konturieren ein hegemoniales Projekt.
Von den Covid-19-Restriktionen wurden im Automobilsektor die Zulieferer wesentlich stärker getroffen als die Fahrzeughersteller. Vor allem die Entwicklung des Working Capitals im ersten Pandemie-Jahr erwies sich als kritisch. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über mögliche Lösungen für eine allseits vorteilhaftere, stabile Supply-Chain-Finanzierung in künftigen Krisen.
Values Management System
(2022)
The ValuesManagementSystem (VWS) is a management standard to “provide a sustainable safeguard of a firm and its development, in all dimensions (legal, economic, ecological, social)” (VWSZfW, p. 4). It includes a framework for values-driven governance through self-commitment and self-binding mechanisms. Values promote a sense of identity and give organizations guidance in decision-making. This is especially important in decision-making processes where topics are not clearly ruled by laws and regulations.
VMSZfW must be embedded in the specific business strategy, structure, and culture of an organization. The following four steps describe the implementation of the ValuesManagementSystemZfW: (i) Codify core values of an organization, for instance, with a “mission, vision and values statement” or Code of Ethics, (ii) implement guidelines such as Code of Conduct and specific policies and procedures, (iii) systematize these by establishing management systems such as Compliance and CSR management systems, and (iv) finally organize and establish structures to ensure the strategic direction and operational implementation and review of these processes. The top management shows that values management is taken seriously by their self-commitment to the core values of the company.
The Principles for Responsible Investments (PRI) is “the world’s leading proponent of responsible investment” (PRI 2021a). With the development of six Principles for Responsible Investment, the PRI supports its international network of investor signatories in incorporating the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors into their investment and ownership decisions. The goal of PRI is to develop a more sustainable global financial system by encouraging “investors to use responsible investment to enhance returns and better manage risks” (PRI 2021a). This independent financial initiative is supported by the United Nations and linked to the United Nations Environmental Program Finance Initiative (UNEP FI 2021) and the United Nations Global Compact (UN Global Compact 2021).
The United Nations (UN) Global Compact is a call to companies to align their strategies and operations with ten universal principles in the areas of human rights, labor, environment, and anti-corruption, and to take actions that advance societal goals (UN Global Compact 2017, p. 3). The UN Global Compacts’ vision is “to mobilize a global movement of sustainable companies and stakeholder to create the world we want” (UN Global Compact 2021a). It is a global network with local presence all around the world.