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Ungeachtet der dargestellten Fülle und ggf. daraus ableitbaren Überregulierung des Finanzmarktes, insbesondere der Banken und Ratingagenturen, sollten am Ende die Nutzen regulierter Bonitäts- und Solvenzbewertung nicht außer Acht gelassen bleiben. Neben dem volkswirtschaftlichen Schutz der Gläubiger sind auch interne Nutzenpotentiale für die Schuldner selbst zu nennen. Als interner Nutzen für ein Unternehmen kann die Gewinnung von Informationen für das Finanzmanagement genannt werden. Risiken können identifiziert und abgestellt werden. Eine Optimierung des Ratings durch Verbesserung von Kennzahlen oder aufgedeckten Schwachstellen kann zu einer Verringerung der Kreditkonditionen führen. Bei einer Unternehmensbewertung ist bei einem guten Rating der Unternehmenswert höher anzusetzen. Dies wird bereits beim IDW-S1-Standard der Wirtschaftsprüfer zur Ermittlung eines Discounted Cash Flow als Basis eines Unternehmenswertes nach dem WACC-CAPM-Modell deutlich. Ratings können als Frühwarnsystem rechtzeitig vor einer finanziellen Schieflage warnen und das Management oder die Eigentürmer für finanzielle Risiken sensibilisieren. Veröffentlichte Bonitäts- und Solvenzurteile können für Kunden, Lieferanten und alle beteiligten Stakeholder eines Unternehmens Vertrauen schaffen bzw. evtl. eine bessere Verhandlungsposition erzeugen. Mit einem Rating kann ein Unternehmen alternative Finanzierungsinstrumente wie z. B. eigene Anleihen nutzen und ist nicht unbedingt auf die Kreditvergabe der Bank angewiesen.
Letztlich ist also die Überregulierung zu kritisieren, die Notwendigkeit einer Regulierung für die komplexe Bonitäts- und Solvenzbeurteilung von Schuldnern im Interesse der Gläubiger aber nicht zu verleugnen.
Malgré une prise de conscience croissante de l'importance du management des marques au niveau du club, on note un important retard en ce qui concerne la gestion professionnelle de la marque au sein des clubs de la Bundesliga. Jusqu'à présent, les principes d'une gestion de marque identitaire ont été rarement appliqués et la plupart des clubs ont renoncé, en dépit d'un potentiel économique élevé, à la possibilité de se créer des avantages concurrentiels sur le plan économique, mais aussi au niveau sportif. Dans ce chapitre nous étudierons les facteurs de réussite de la gestion de marque identitaire des clubs de football professionnel à partir du cas concret de Borussia Dortmund.
Big Data wird aktuell als einer der Haupttrends der IT-Industrie diskutiert. Big Data d. h. auf Basis großer Mengen unterschiedlich strukturierter Daten die Entscheidungen in Echtzeit oder prognostisch zu treffen. Von hochleistungsfähigen, schnell verfügbaren Prognoseverfahren erhofft man sich eine Risikominimierung für unternehmerische Entscheidungen in hochvolatilen Märkten.
The efficiency of pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) reflected by increasing costs of R&D, long timelines, and low probabilities of technical and regulatory success decreased continuously in the past years. Today, the costs for discovering and developing a new drug are enormously high with more than USD 2 billion per new molecular entity (NME), while the average overall success of a research project to provide an NME is in the single-digit percentage rate, and the total timelines of R&D easily exceeds 10 years questioning the return on investment (ROI) of pharmaceutical R&D. As a consequence and also caused by numerous patent expirations of blockbuster drugs that increased the pressure to return to an acceptable ROI, the pharmaceutical industry addressed this challenge and the related causes and identified several actions that need to be taken to increase the output/input ratio of R&D. This book chapter will review the pipeline sizes and the R&D investments of multinational pharmaceutical companies, will describe new processes that have been implemented to increase the reach and to reduce costs of pharmaceutical R&D, and it will illustrate new innovation models that were developed to increase the R&D efficiency.
The reduced research and development (R&D) efficiency, strong competition from generics, increased cost pressure from payers, and an increased biological complexity of new target indications have resulted in a rethinking and a change from a traditional and more closed R&D model in the pharmaceutical industry toward the new paradigm of open innovation. In the past years, pharmaceutical companies have broadened their external networks toward research collaborations with academic institutes, technology providers, or codevelopment partners. To fulfill the demand to reduce timelines and costs, research-based pharmaceutical companies started to outsource R&D activities. In addition, internal R&D processes were adjusted to the more open R&D model and new processes such as alliance management were established. The corporate frontier of pharmaceutical companies became permeable and more open. As a result, the focus of pharmaceutical R&D expanded from a purely internal toward a mixed internal and external model. Today, the U.S. pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly may have established the most open model toward external innovation, as it has integrated its innovation processes with its business model. Other companies are following this more open R&D model with newer concepts such as new frontier sciences, drug discovery alliances, private public partnerships, innovation incubators, virtual R&D, crowdsourcing, open source innovation, and innovation camps.
Clinical development is historically the phase in which a potential new medicine is being tested in phase 2 and phase 3 patient trials to demonstrate the new molecules' efficacy and safety to support the regulatory approval of drugs by health authorities. This relatively focused approach has been considerably expanded by a number of forces from within the pharmaceutical industry and equally important by changes in the healthcare systems. The need to identify the optimal patient population, showstoppers leading to discontinuation of clinical programs, the silent but constant removal of surrogate endpoints for registration, and the increased demand for real-life data which are used to demonstrate the patients' benefit and which have an ever-increasing role for pricing and reimbursement negotiations are today an integral part of this phase.
This chapter will review both the nuts and bolts of clinical development but also recent developments in this area which shape the environment and how the different players have reacted and what options might need to be explored in the future.
It is known that the costs related with drug research and development (R&D) and the timelines to develop a new drug increased over the past years. In parallel, the success rates of drug projects along the pharmaceutical R&D phases are still very low, and the outcome of all R&D efforts is stagnating. In consequence, the R&D efficiency defined as the financial investment per drug has been steadily decreasing. As innovation is the major growth driver of the pharmaceutical industry, reliable data on R&D efficiency and new concepts to overcome these challenges are of great interest for R&D managers and the sustainability of the pharmaceutical industry as a whole. This book chapter reviews publications on R&D performance indicators of the past years, such as the success rates and timelines per phase. Additionally, it illustrates the factors influencing the success rates, timelines, and costs of pharmaceutical R&D most and, thus, the denominators of the R&D efficiency.