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Der elektrische Wirkungsgrad stellt eines der wichtigsten Bewertungskriterien für BHKW dar, da über diese Größe ausgedrückt wird, wie viel des Wertproduktes „elektrische Energie“ bezogen auf die eingesetzte oder aufzuwendende Brennstoffenergie produziert werden kann. Ein hoher elektrischer Wirkungsgrad ist somit gleichbedeutend mit hohen Erlösen aus dem Verkauf der erzeugten elektrischen Energie und damit eine grundlegende Voraussetzung für einen wirtschaftlichen Betrieb eines BHKWs. Folglich sind die Hersteller von BHKW bestrebt, den elektrischen Wirkungsgrad ihrer Geräte kontinuierlich zu verbessern und nach oben zu treiben. Dieses Bemühen zeigt sich eindrucksvoll an der Entwicklung der mechanischen Effizienz von Gasmotoren der Firma GE Jenbacher. Während mit Motoren der Baureihe 6 im Leistungsbereich 1,8 – 4,4 MWel im Jahr 1988 eine mechanische Effizienz von 34% erreichbar war, liegt dieser Wert mittlerweile bei etwa 47,5%. Diese enorme Steigerung konnte im Wesentlichen durch eine Erhöhung des mittleren effektiven Zylinderarbeitsdrucks von etwa 10 bar im Jahr 1988 auf derzeit 24 bar erzielt werden. Dabei hilft der Magerbetrieb, der gleichzeitig ein Zurückdrängen der NOx-Emissionen bewirkt, die Klopfgrenze zu höheren Drücken hin zu verschieben. Eine sichere Zündung des Gas-Luft-Gemisches wird durch die Vorkammerzündung erreicht.
Die Erwartungen an Management Reporting sind hoch. Es soll immer effizienter und effektiver werden, dabei zugleich stark wachsende Datenmengen und neue komplexe Strukturen berücksichtigen. Unternehmen können auf diese Veränderungen mit unterschiedlichen Strategien reagieren. Drei Szenarien zeigen, wie das Management Reporting der Zukunft aussehen kann.
Whither the german council of economic experts? The past and future of public economic advice
(2014)
The article discusses the development and impact of the German Council of Economic Experts (GCEE). Firstly, the author studies the historical origins and the institutional setup of the GCEE. In the second step, an analyse of the impact of the annual reports of the German Council is given, along with the international comparison with other advisory boards. Finally, the paper discusses the current economic challenges and the need of modernization of the GCEE in special and political advisory boards in general.
This paper develops a new governance scheme for a stable and lasting European Monetary Union (EMU). I demonstrate that existing economic governance is based on flawed incentives especially due to insufficient macroeconomic coordination, failures of institutional enforcement and animal spirit in financial markets. All this caused the European sovereign debt crisis in 2010. Consequently, the EMU crisis is not a conundrum at all rather a failure of national and supranational governance. To tackle this problem, I propose a return to flexible but compulsory rules driven by market forces. The new governance principles shall promote the compliance and effective enforcement of rules.
Although sports is generally defined as motor activity, it has always been much more than that. Since management and sports follow the same objective of achieving highest performance, correlation between these two fields nowadays become increasingly interesting in terms of corporate strategy. This chapter aims to point out how organisations as well as individuals can benefit from the general and psychological values and strategies of sports, by first looking at the general framework of professional sports an futher applying approaches from various types of sports directly to certain business functions like general management, human resource management and marketing management. The chapter concludes with an international case study and brief outlook.
Bei der Zerspanung mit geometrisch definierter Schneide (z.B. Drehen, Fräsen, Bohren, Reiben, Sägen, Hobeln, Stoßen, Räumen) werden Zerspanwerkzeuge mit einer definierten Schneidengeometrie verwendet. Die Werte der einzelnen geometrischen Maße basieren auf Richt- und Erfahrungswerten. Die Definition der einzelnen Geometriemerkmale (z.B. Winkel) sind in DIN 6581 enthalten. In den letzten Jahren wurden zur Ermittlung des Prozessverhaltens unterschiedlicher Geometrieparameter Forschungsprojekte durchgeführt, die die Einflüsse der Schneidengestaltung untersuchen (z.B. Zabel 2010). Die Schneidengeometrie wird in der Regel mit den Verfahren Schleifen, Erodieren oder Laserbearbeitung erzeugt. Die Werkzeuge werden auf Universal- oder Spezial(werkzeugschleif)maschinen hergestellt und aufbereitet. Die Ausstattung und der Automatisierungsgrad richtet sich nach den zu bearbeitenden Merkmalen der Werkzeuge und deren Häufigkeit.
In breath analysis, ambient air contaminations are ubiquitous and difficult to eliminate. This study was designed to investigate the reduction of ambient air background by a lung wash-out with synthetic air. The reduction of the initial ambient air volatile organic compound (VOC) intensity was investigated in the breath of 20 volunteers inhaling synthetic air via a sealed full face mask in comparison to inhaling ambient air. Over a period of 30 minutes, breath analysis was conducted using ion mobility spectrometry coupled to a multi-capillary column. A total of 68 VOCs were identified for inhaling ambient air or inhaling synthetic air. By treatment with synthetic air, 39 VOCs decreased in intensity, whereas 29 increased in comparison to inhaling ambient air. In total, seven VOCs were significantly reduced (P-value < 0.05). A complete wash-out of VOCs in this setting was not observed, whereby a statistically significant reduction up to 65% as for terpinolene was achieved. Our setting successfully demonstrated a reduction of ambient air contaminations from the airways by a lung wash-out with synthetic air.
Der Beitrag zeigt, welche grundlegenden Managementmethoden und -instrumente sich identifizieren lassen, um den Unterschied zwischen dauerhaft erfolgreichen und nicht erfolgreichen Unternehmen zu erklären. In diesem Konext wird ein Ansatz für einen Leistungsmanagement-Gesamtprozess entwickelt, in dem die zentralen Problemquellen bei der Einführung von Performance Management eingeordnet und erläutert werden.
Rund ein Drittel seiner Erlöse investiert Red Bull Medienberichten zufolge in sein Marketing - der allergrößte Teil davon landet im Sport. Red Bull hat damit die meisten Konkurrenten im Sportsponsoring längst abgehängt. Um jedoch Coca-Cola als Weltmarke zu verdrängen, schwenkt der Konzern von seiner bewährten Strategie ab. Ob das funktioniert, wird im vorliegenden Beitrag analysiert.
Prominent theories of action recognition suggest that during the recognition of actions the physical patterns of the action is associated with only one action interpretation (e.g., a person waving his arm is recognized as waving). In contrast to this view, studies examining the visual categorization of objects show that objects are recognized in multiple ways (e.g., a VW Beetle can be recognized as a car or a beetle) and that categorization performance is based on the visual and motor movement similarity between objects. Here, we studied whether we find evidence for multiple levels of categorization for social interactions (physical interactions with another person, e.g., handshakes). To do so, we compared visual categorization of objects and social interactions (Experiments 1 and 2) in a grouping task and assessed the usefulness of motor and visual cues (Experiments 3, 4, and 5) for object and social interaction categorization. Additionally, we measured recognition performance associated with recognizing objects and social interactions at different categorization levels (Experiment 6). We found that basic level object categories were associated with a clear recognition advantage compared to subordinate recognition but basic level social interaction categories provided only a little recognition advantage. Moreover, basic level object categories were more strongly associated with similar visual and motor cues than basic level social interaction categories. The results suggest that cognitive categories underlying the recognition of objects and social interactions are associated with different performances. These results are in line with the idea that the same action can be associated with several action interpretations (e.g., a person waving his arm can be recognized as waving or greeting).
Schnittschutzhosen stellen ein wesentliches Element der persönlichen Schutzausrüstung des Forstwirts dar, da sie schwerwiegende Verletzungen bei der Motorsägenarbeit verhindern können. Dies setzt aber eine entsprechende Pflege voraus. Welche Veränderungen die Fasern der Schnittschutzeinlage durch Waschvorgänge erfahren und welche Auswirkungen sich dadurch auf die Schnittsicherheit ergeben, wurde im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes untersucht
Die Verwaltung tritt uns als altruistische Institution gegenüber: Sie dient in der Regel nicht sich selbst, sie ist kein "Selbstzweck", sondern verfolgt regelmäßig andere, meist übergeordnete Ziele. Als der ausführende Arm der Politik soll sie deren politische Zwecke umsetzen, gleichzeitig aber, so zumindest in modernen, rechtsstaatlich organisierten Demokratien und unter dem Stichwort "public governance" Recht und Gesetz achten sowie Gemeinwohlinteressen wie Nachhaltigkeit und/oder soziale Gerechtigkeit durchsetzen.
Die Verwaltung ist über die Zuordnung zu den Systemen Recht und Politik hinaus in weitere soziale Funktionssysteme eingebunden. Sofern es sich z.B. um Verwaltung in Wissenschaft und Forschung handelt, wird sie sich mit dem Code und dem Kommunikationsmedium der Wissenschaft konfrontiert sehen. Die Wirtschaftsverwaltung muss sich dem binären Code "Zahlung/keine Zahlung" der Wirtschaft stellen.
Dieser Ausgleich zwischen den Systemen macht es notwendig, dass ethisch-moralische Werte in den Dilemma-Situationen in die Entscheidungsfindung einbezogen werden. Die entscheidende Orientierung liefern dabei die materialen Werte der Tugendethik. Der Mitarbeiter der Verwaltung darf sich in gravierenden Konfliktsituationen den Anforderungen der Tugendethik nicht entziehen, sondern muss sein Handeln an Hand ihrer Werte überprüfen. Im Ergebnis führt dieses Verfahren zu einem harmonischen Ausgleich zwischen der Systemtheorie und werteorientierten Ansätzen.
Vehicles have been so far improved in terms of energy-efficiency and safety mainly by optimising the engine and the power train. However, there are opportunities to increase energy-efficiency and safety by adapting the individual driving behaviour in the given driving situation. In this paper, an improved rule match algorithm is introduced, which is used in the expert system of a human-centred driving system. The goal of the driving system is to optimise the driving behaviour in terms of energy-efficiency and safety by giving recommendations to the driver. The improved rule match algorithm checks the incoming information against the driving rules to recognise any breakings of a driving rule. The needed information is obtained by monitoring the driver, the current driving situation as well as the car, using in-vehicle sensors and serial-bus systems. On the basis of the detected broken driving rules, the expert system will create individual recommendations in terms of energy-efficiency and safety, which will allow eliminating bad driving habits, while considering the driver needs.
„Wo, wenn nicht bei der Bundeswehr, kann man Führung lernen?“ lautet eine typische Erwartungshaltung, die Führungskräfte aus Verwaltung und Wirtschaft respektvoll formulieren. Einfache Rezepte für gutes Führen gibt es jedoch auch in der Bundeswehr nicht. Historische Konzeptionen wie die Innere Führung geben nur bedingt Hinweise darauf, wie konkrete Führungsherausforderungen gelöst werden können. Wie also sieht eine moderne (militärische) Führung des 21. Jahrhunderts aus, die geeignet ist, aktuelle Herausforderungen wie beispielsweise das Erfordernis der Bundeswehrgemeinsamkeit (zivil und militärisch) im Zuge der Neuausrichtung der Bundeswehr zu bewältigen? Ziel des vorliegenden Bandes ist es, diese Frage kritisch zu beleuchten. In den Beiträgen diskutieren die Autorinnen und Autoren Möglichkeiten einer effektiven, effizienten und zugleich zeitgemäßen Führung in der Bundeswehr. Die theoretisch und praktisch orientierten Beiträge greifen dabei eine Vielzahl an Themen auf: das Wesen militärischer Führung, die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf, Führung im Gefecht, emotional intelligente Führung, Veränderungsmanagement, sowie den Zusammenhang zwischen Führung in der Bundeswehr und der Wirtschaft.
Unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) and vinyl ester resins (VER) are among the most commercially important thermosetting matrix materials for composites. Although comparatively low cost, their technological performance is suitable for a wide range of applications, such as fiber-reinforced plastics, artificial marble or onyx, polymer concrete, or gel coats. The main areas of UPR consumption include the wind energy, marine, pipe and tank, transportation, and construction industries. This chapter discusses basic UPR and VER chemistry and technology of manufacturing, and consequent applications. Some important properties and performance characteristics are discussed, such as shrinkage behavior, flame retardance, and property modification by nanoparticles. Also briefly introduced and described are the practical aspects of UPR and VER processing, with special emphasis on the most widely used technological approaches, such as hand and spray layup, resin infusion, resin transfer molding, sheet and bulk molding, pultrusion, winding, and centrifugal casting.
Unraveling the double-edged sword : effects of cultural diversity on creativity and innovativeness
(2014)
Cultural diversity is considered a “double-edged sword” (Kravitz, 2005) as research on its effects on teams’ performance regularly delivers inconsistent and contradictory results. This paper makes an attempt to unravel the double-edged sword by discerning different forms of cultural diversity: separation and variety (Harrison & Klein, 2007). Based on a review of the literature, a conceptual model is developed hypothesizing that cultural variety yields positive, while cultural separation yields negative effects on team creativity and innovativeness. In addition the effects of national diversity are contrasted to proof whether national diversity can serve as a proxy for cultural diversity as is often practiced. The model is tested on a sample of 113 student teams of Entrepreneurship modules at 4 European universities. Cultural diversity is measured directly on the basis of individual team members’ cultural value orientations by means of the CPQ4 (Maznevski, DiStefano, Gomez, Noorderhaven & Wu, 2002). Data is analyzed using the PLS structural equation modeling technique. The results confirm the hypothesized impacts of cultural variety and separation on creativity but do not deliver evidence for impacts on innovativeness. Same is true for national diversity. Interestingly, national diversity does not show any relation to neither form of cultural diversity.
Universelle OTA-Testbench
(2014)
Es wird eine universell einsetzbare Testbench zur Simulation von integrierten Schaltungen innerhalb der OTA-Schaltungsklasse (Operational Transconductance Amplifier; Transkonduktanzverstärker) vorgestellt. Transkonduktanzverstärker sind in der analogen Schaltungstechnik weit verbreitet und daher von großer Bedeutung. Sie treten sowohl als eigenständige Schaltungen innerhalb eines Chips, sowie als Bestandteil anderer Schaltungen (z.B. als erste und zweite Stufe von Operationsverstärkern) auf. Es kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass heute kaum ein analoger oder Mixed-Signal-Chip gefertigt wird, in dem keine Transkonduktanzverstärker verbaut sind. Die Entscheidungsfindung des Entwicklers bei der Auslegung eines OTAs beruht maßgeblich auf einer anwendungsspezifischen Simulation. Die Erstellung einer eigenen Testbench für jede Anwendung bedeutet allerdings einen hohen Zeitaufwand und erschwert den Vergleich der Simulationsergebnisse unterschiedlicher Schaltungsvarianten. Durch eine universelle Testbench kann zum einen der Zeitaufwand verringert werden, zum anderen können nun Simulationsergebnisse direkt miteinander verglichen werden. Hierdurch wird die Entscheidungsfindung des Entwicklers objektiviert und beschleunigt. Neben dem Vergleich unterschiedlicher Schaltungen innerhalb einer Technologie ist auch der Vergleich einer Schaltung in unterschiedlichen Technologien denkbar. Die Idee einer universell anwendbaren Testbench lässt sich auch auf andere analoge Schaltungsklassen anwenden und damit als Prinzip verallgemeinern.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Umsetzung eines Wahrnehmungsensors für Softwareagenten, die über ein virtuelles Menschmodell in einer dreidimensionalen Umgebung agieren. Hierbei sollen die Agenten über den Sensor in der Lage sein, semantische Informationen zu geometrischen Objekten in der Umgebung zu erhalten. Hierfür wurden zwei Verfahren umgesetzt, die das menschliche Sehen simulieren, indem Objekte erkannt werden, wenn diese innerhalb eines Sichtfelds liegen. Ein Problem, das dabei gelöst werden muss, ist die Identifizierung möglicher Verdeckungen der Objekte. Ein Ansatz, dieses Problem zu lösen, ist der Ray-Tracing Ansatz, welcher für das erste Verfahren umgesetzt wurde. Das zweite Verfahren verwendet den Occlusion-Culling Ansatz. Auswertungen beider Verfahren haben gezeigt, dass der Ray-Tracing Ansatz eine schnellere Laufzeit aufweist, der Occlusion-Culling Ansatz jedoch mehr unverdeckte Objekte im Sichtfeld erkennt.
Online measurement of drug concentrations in patient's breath is a promising approach for individualized dosage. A direct transfer from breath- to blood-concentrations is not possible. Measured exhaled concentrations are following the blood-concentration with a delay in non-steady-state situations. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate the breath-concentration into a pharmacological model. Two different approaches for pharmacokinetic modelling are presented. Usually a 3-compartment model is used for pharmacokinetic calculations of blood concentrations. This 3-compartment model is extended with a 2-compartment model based on the first compartment of the 3-compartment model and a new lung compartment. The second approach is to calculate a time delay of changes in the concentration of the first compartment to describe the lung-concentration. Exemplarily both approaches are used for modelling of exhaled propofol. Based on time series of exhaled propofol measurements using an ion-mobility-spectrometer every minute for 346 min a correlation of calculated plasma and the breath concentration was used for modelling to deliver R2 = 0.99 interdependencies. Including the time delay modelling approach the new compartment coefficient ke0lung was calculated to ke0lung = 0.27 min−1 with R2 = 0.96. The described models are not limited to propofol. They could be used for any kind of drugs, which are measurable in patient's breath.
Enterprise Architectures (EA) consists of many architecture elements, which stand in manifold relationships to each other. Therefore Architecture Analysis is important and very difficult for stakeholders. Due changing an architecture element has impacts on other elements different stakeholders are involved. In practice EAs are often analyzed using visualizations. This article aims at contributing to the field of visual analytics in EAM by analyzing how state of-the-art software platforms in EAM support stakeholders with respect to providing and visualizing the “right” information for decision-making tasks. We investigate the collaborative decision-making process in an experiment with master students using professional EAM tools by developing a research study and accomplishing them in a master’s level class with students.
Current approaches for enterprise architecture lack analytical instruments for cyclic evaluations of business and system architectures in real business enterprise system environments. This impedes the broad use of enterprise architecture methodologies. Furthermore, the permanent evolution of systems desynchronizes quickly model representation and reality. Therefore we are introducing an approach for complementing the existing top-down approach for the creation of enterprise architecture with a bottom approach. Enterprise Architecture Analytics uses the architectural information contained in many infrastructures to provide architectural information. By applying Big Data technologies it is possible to exploit this information and to create architectural information. That means, Enterprise Architectures may be discovered, analyzed and optimized using analytics. The increased availability of architectural data also improves the possibilities to verify the compliance of Enterprise Architectures. Architectural decisions are linked to clustered architecture artifacts and categories according to a holistic EAM Reference Architecture with specific architecture metamodels. A special suited EAM Maturity Framework provides the base for systematic and analytics supported assessments of architecture capabilities.
There are several intra-operative use cases which require the surgeon to interact with medical devices. We used the Leap Motion Controller as input device and implemented two use-cases: 2D-Interaction (e.g. advancing EPR data) and selection of a value (e.g. room illumination brightness). The gesture detection was successful and we mapped its output to several devices and systems.
In der Mikroelektronik werden Chips häufig in Mold-Gehäusen verpackt. Die elektrischen Verbindungen vom Chip zu den Anschlussbeinchen des Gehäuses werden mit Bonddrähten realisiert. Für die Berechnung der Gleichgewichtstemperatur in einem Bonddraht bei konstantem Strom sowie von Temperaturverläufen bei transienten Strömen ist die herkömmliche FEM-Methode langsam und unhandlich. Daher wurde der Bondrechner entwickelt, der ein zylindersymmetrisches Ersatz-Modell für das Package in geeigneten mathematischen Gleichungen abbildet.
Im Gegensatz zum Bondrechner der ersten Generation [1], der auf den Gleichungen von [2] basiert, bietet ein neuer mathematischer Ansatz die Möglichkeit, eine endliche effektive Package-Größe, sowie einen endlichen Wärmeübergang zwischen Bonddraht und Mold-Masse zu berücksichtigen. Ebenso wurde die Berechnung der Interaktion von mehreren benachbarten Drähten verfeinert. Die Berechnung von beliebigen transienten Pulsformen mittlerer Länge wurde ebenfalls verbessert. Eine quadratische Komponente in der Temperaturabhängigkeit des spezifischen Widerstandes des Drahtmaterials kann jetzt ebenfalls berücksichtigt werden.
Die Ergebnisse wurden erfolgreich mit FEM-Berechnungen verglichen und die Geschwindigkeit der Berechnung ist um Größenordnungen schneller als mit kommerziellen FEM-Programmen.
Ethylene terephthalate and ethylene naphthalate oligomers of defined degree of polymerization were synthesized via chemical recycling of the parent polymers. The oligomers were used as defined building blocks for the preparation of novel block-co-polyesters having tailored sequence compositions. The sequence lengths were systematically varied using Design of Experiments. The dispersive surface energy and the specific desorption energy of the co-polymers were determined by inverse gas chromatography. The study shows that polyethylene terephthalate-polyethylene naphthalate (PET-PEN) block-co-polyesters of defined sequence lengths can be prepared. Furthermore, the specific and dispersive surface energies of the obtained block-co-polyesters showed a linear dependence on the oligomer molecular weight and it was possible to regulate and control their interfacial properties. In contrast, with the corresponding random-block-co-polyesters no such dependence was found. The synthesized block-co-polyesters could be used as polymeric modifying agents for stabilizing PET-PEN polymer blends.
The surface properties of human meibomian lipids (MGS), the major constituent of the tear film (TF) lipid layer, are of key importance for TF stability. The dynamic interfacial properties of films by MGS from normal eyes (nMGS) and eyes with meibomian gland dysfunction (dMGS) were studied using a Langmuir surface balance. The behavior of the samples during dynamic area changes was evaluated by surface pressure–area isotherms and isocycles. The surface dilatational rheology of the films was examined in the frequency range 10−5 to 1 Hz by the stress-relaxation method. A significant difference was found, with dMGS showing slow viscosity-dominated relaxation at 10−4 to 10−3 Hz, whereas nMGS remained predominantly elastic over the whole range. A Cole–Cole plot revealed two characteristic processes contributing to the relaxation, fast (on the scale of characteristic time τ < 5 s) and slow (τ > 100 s), the latter prevailing in dMGS films. Brewster angle microscopy revealed better spreading of nMGS at the air–water interface, whereas dMGS layers were non-uniform and patchy. The distinctions in the interfacial properties of the films in vitro correlated with the accelerated degradation of meibum layer pattern at the air–tear interface and with the decreased stability of TF in vivo. These results, and also recent findings on the modest capability of meibum to suppress the evaporation of the aqueous subphase, suggest the need for a re-evaluation of the role of MGS. The probable key function of meibomian lipids might be to form viscoelastic films capable of opposing dilation of the air–tear interface. The impact of temperature on the meibum surface properties is discussed in terms of its possible effect on the normal structure of the film.
Unternehmen arbeiten in Netzwerken mit vielfältigen Lieferanten- und Kundenbeziehungen und an unterschiedlichen Stellen der Wertschöpfungsketten. Dem Supply-Chain-Controlling kommt daher eine sehr hohe Bedeutung im Unternehmen zu. Es unterstützt das Management bei der Gestaltung und Steuerung unternehmensübergreifender Material-, Informations- und Geldflüsse. Dabei soll es die Effizienz und die Effektivität des unternehmerischen Handelns bzw. Entscheidens gewährleisten.
Durch schnell schaltende Leistungsendstufen werden durch kapazitive Umladeströme Störungen ins Substrat und in empfindliche Schaltungselemente eingekoppelt, die dort zur Störung der Funktion führen können. In dieser Arbeit werden Substratstrukturen zur gezielten Ableitung dieser Störungen vorgestellt und ihre Wirksamkeit mit Hilfe von Device Simulation evaluiert. Ohne Ableitstrukturen kann eine Potentialanhebung des Substrats bis zu 20 V entstehen. Die Untersuchungen belegen, dass die Potentialanhebung durch p-Typ Guard-Ringe um 75 %, durch leitende Trenches um 88 % sowie durch Rückseitenmetallisierung um nahezu 100 % reduziert werden kann.
Strategy to test mobile apps
(2014)
Nowadays the development of a mobile app implies challenges and difficulties, which have to be faced by mobile app developers. Innovations lead to a rapidly evolving mobile app market, therefore apps should be developed faster and offered in short release cycles to the market. Testing is a decisive activity within the development process that helps to improve the quality of the app. This research paper describes a strategy to test mobile apps that overcomes the challenges that mobile apps confront and permits to test the app in a structural test environment.
Stent graft visualization and planning tool for endovascular surgery using finite element analysis
(2014)
Purpose: A new approach to optimize stent graft selection for endovascular aortic repair is the use of finite element analysis. Once the finite element model is created and solved, a software module is needed to view the simulation results in the clinical work environment. A new tool for Interpretation of simulation results, named Medical Postprocessor, that enables comparison of different stent graft configurations and products was designed, implemented and tested. Methods Aortic endovascular stent graft ring forces and sealing states in the vessel landing zone of three different configurations were provided in a surgical planning software using the Medical Imaging Interaction Tool Kit (MITK) Software system. For data interpretation, software modules for 2D and 3D presentations were implemented. Ten surgeons evaluated the software features of the Medical Postprocessor. These surgeons performed usability tests and answered questionnaires based on their experience with the system.
Results: The Medical Postprocessor visualization system enabled vascular surgeons to determine the configuration with the highest overall fixation force in 16 ± 6 s, best proximal sealing in 56±24 s and highest proximal fixation force in 38 ± 12 s. The majority considered the multiformat data provided helpful and found the Medical Postprocessor to be an efficient decision support system for stent graft selection. The evaluation of the user interface results in an ISONORMconform user interface (113.5 points).
Conclusion: The Medical Postprocessor visualization Software tool for analyzing stent graft properties was evaluated by vascular surgeons. The results show that the software can assist the interpretation of simulation results to optimize stent graft configuration and sizing.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) can be covalently coated with ultrathin NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) hydrogel layers which permit covalent binding of cell adhesive moieties, while minimizing unspecific cell adhesion on non-functionalized areas. We applied long term uniaxial cyclic tensile strain (CTS) and revealed (a) the preservation of protein and cell-repellent properties of the NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) coating and (b) the stability and bioactivity of a covalently bound fibronectin (FN) line pattern. We studied the adhesion of human dermal fibroblast (HDFs) on non-modified NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) coatings and on the FN. HDFs adhered to FN and oriented their cell bodies and actin fibers along the FN lines independently of the direction of CTS. This mechanical long term stability of the bioactive, patterned surface allows unraveling biomechanical stimuli for cellular signaling and behavior to understand physiological and pathological cell phenomenon. Additionally, it allows for the application in wound healing assays, tissue engineering, and implant development demanding spatial control over specific cell adhesion.
This chapter presents the diverse facets of sports marketing in Western Europe. It showcases the most important types of sports, most significant leagues, bestknown clubs, most popular athletes and the biggest sporting events in Western Europe while elaborating on the relevant aspects of sports marketing. We examine European sportsconsumers, characterise the sports marketing market in Western Europe an explain the current scientific/academic status of sports marketing. Moreover, we illustrate the motives for the internationalisation taking place in sports marketing. In conclusion, this chapter includes an international case study on the entry of the NFL into the European market.
The implementation of a web based portal QA solution will lead to a high acceptance of the staff as the usage of commonly known standard software (e.g. web browser) allows intuitive handling. In the daily use a significant simplification of the workflow and Performance enhancement can be achieved by easy access to the check documents. As the data is now saved in a database it can easily be processed and long-term trends can be displayed. Therefore possible errors can be detected much easier and earlier. By the usage of time stamps and user authentication procedures and user responsibilities are comprehensibly documented. As the software is browser based, integration into an existing software Environment is not critical. As only technical QA data is processed, no further data security measures are necessary. A certification as a medical product is not required.
Silicones
(2014)
Silicones are found in a variety of applications with requirements that range from long life at elevated temperatures to fluidity at low temperatures. This chapter first considers silicone elastomers and their application in room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) and heat curing systems (HTV). Also, new technologies for UV curing are introduced. Coverage of RTVs includes both one-component and two-component systems and the different cure chemistries of each, and is followed by a separate discussion of silicone laminates. Due to the high importance of silicone fluids, they are also discussed. Fluids include polishes, release agents, surfactants, and dielectric fluids.
Children undergoing systemic chemotherapy often suffer from severe immunosuppression usually associated to severe neutropenia (neutrophils < 0.5 x 109/l). Clinical courses during those periods range from asymptomatic to septic general conditions. Development of septic symptoms can be very fast and life-threatening. Swift detection of risk factors in those patients is therefore needed. So far no early, rapid and reliable marker or tool exists. Ion-Mobility-Spectrometry coupled with a Multi-Capillary-Column (IMS-MCC) can analyze more than 600 volatile components from exhaled air within a few minutes and hence is a potential, rapid detection-tool. As a proof of concept we measured the exhaled breath of 11 patients with neutropenia and 10 healthy controls ranging from 3 to 18 years of age at the time of measurement. Ten milliliters breath samples were taken at the outpatient clinic and analyzed with an onsite IMS-MCC (BreathDiscovery, B&S Analytik, Dortmund, Germany). Dead-space-volume was adapted to two groups (small 250 ml, large 500 ml). Interestingly 59 differing peaks were measured. Eleven were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05), three of which highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) in Mann-Whitney-Rank-Sum-testing. The corresponding analytes used in the decision tree are 2-Propanol, D-Limonene and Acetone. The analytes with the lowest rank sum identified are 2-Hexanone, Iso-Propylamine and 1-Butanol. Eventually we were able to show a three-step-decision-tree, which discerns the 21 samples except one from each group. Sensitivity was 90 % and specificity was 91 %. Naturally these findings need further confirmation within a bigger population. Our pilot-study proves that Ion-Mobility-Spectrometry coupled with a Multi-Capillary-Column is a feasible rapid diagnostic tool in the setting of a pediatric oncology out-patient clinic for patients 3 years and older. Our first results furthermore encourage additional analysis as to whether patients at risk for septic events during immunosuppression can be diagnosed in advance by rapidly assessing risk factors such as Neutropenia in exhaled breath.
Several diseases occur due to asbestos exposure. Until today, asbestos predicted mortality and morbidity will increase because of the long latency period. Actually, the methods to investigate asbestos related disease are mostly invasive. Therefore, the aim of the present paper was to investigate, whether signals in human breath could be correlated to Asbestos related lung diseases using a multi-capillary column (MCC) connected to an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) as non-invasive method. Here, the breath samples of 10 mL of 25 patients suffering from asbestos related diseases. This group includes patients with asbestos related pleural thickening with and without pulmonary fibrosis. Twelve healthy persons constitute the control group and the breath samples are compared with those of the BK4103 patients. In total 83 peaks are found in the IMS-Chromatogram. A discrimination was possible with p-values <0.001 for two peaks (99.9 %), <0.01 (99 %) for 5 peaks and <0.05 (95 %) for 17 peaks. The most discrimination peaks alpha pinene and 4-ethyltoluol were identified among some others with lower p-values. The corresponding Box-and-Whisker-Plots comparing both groups are presented. In addition, a decision tree including all peaks was created that shows a differentiation with alpha pinene between BK4103 (pleural plaques group) and the control group. In addition, the sensitivity was calculated to 96 %, specificity was 50 %, positive and negative predictive values were 80 % and 86 %. Ion mobility spectrometry was introduced as non-invasive method to separate both groups Asbestos related and healthy. Naturally, the findings need further confirmation on larger population groups, but encourage further investigations, too.
This article briefly describes reasons for dramatising poetry in the language classroom and then gives practical descriptions of how poetry can be taken ‘from page to stage’. It focusses on the aspects content, form and context of poems and how they can be dramatised. A special focus is on working with Shakespearean sonnets but the ideas can be transferred to other types of poetry as well.
Im präventiven Krisenmanagement geht es um die frühzeitige Erkennung von möglichen, unvorhersehbaren Ereignissen. Hierzu zählen beispielhaft Busunfälle, einstürzende Gebäude und ähnliche Großschadensereignisse. Krisen treten meist unerwartet auf und neigen oftmals aufgrund der knapp bemessenen Handlungszeit zu Fehlentscheidungen. Um dies zu verhindern, dient das präventive Krisenmanagement dazu, sämtliche auftretende Ereignisse mittels einer Simulation zuvor durchzuspielen, um im Falle einer reellen Krise die notwendigen Schritte bestmöglich einzuleiten. Um Simulationen für das Krisenmanagement zu präzisieren und die Ergebnisse effektiv und vereinfacht zu veranschaulichen, ist es notwendig, eine Vorauswahl an vorhandenen Szenarien für Vergleiche heraussuchen zu können. Diese Arbeit entstand im Rahmen des FP-7 EU Projekts CRISMA (Crisis Management) [1] und dient zur Evaluation eines Konzepts zur Vorauswahl geeigneter Szenarien, welche in früheren Simulationen entstanden.
As businesses grow and diversify, they almost inevitably make their range of offerings more complex. Complexity brings costs - but smart use of today’s digital technologies can help companies finesse the trade-offs between complexity´s costs and benefits. Imagine a retailer that has 10 million products and hundreds of variations for each product yet keeps it simple for customers to make a choice. Impossible? Not today. Amazon.com Inc. creates value from its product complexity with simple customer-facing processes, such as search, ratings, reviews and suggestions. Now imagine a diversified high-tech company with locally differentiated products in 60 categories in more than 100 different countries. A mess of internal processes and systems? Not necessarily. Royal Philips creates value by providing locally relevant products to different markets, while keeping the vast majority of its processes standardized on digitized platforms. Until now, managing business complexity has usually involved a trade-off. This trade-off forced companies to compromise between creating value from complexity and benefiting from the efficiencies of simplicity. As businesses entered new geographies, developed new products, opened new channels and added more granular customer segments, they made their offerings more complex with the intention of adding value. But, as an almost inevitable consequence, companies also made it more difficult for customers to interact with the company and more unwieldy for employees to get things done. However, with today´s increased digitization, companies can finesse this trade-off; they can increase valueadding complexity in their product offerings while keeping processes for customers and employees simple. Our research suggests that companies operating in this "complexity sweet spot" outperform their competitors on profitability. In this article, we explain how companies achieve this breakthrough in the digital world.
Bionic optimisation is one of the most popular and efficient applications of bionic engineering. As there are many different approaches and terms being used, we try to come up with a structuring of the strategies and compare the efficiency of the different methods. The methods mostly proposed in literature may be classified into evolutionary, particle swarm and artificial neural net optimisation. Some related classes have to be mentioned as the non-sexual fern optimisation and the response surfaces, which are close to the neuron nets. To come up with a measure of the efficiency that allows to take into account some of the published results the technical optimisation problems were derived from the ones given in literature. They deal with elastic studies of frame structures, as the computing time for each individual is very short. General proposals, which approach to use may not be given. It seems to be a good idea to learn about the applicability of the different methods at different problem classes and then do the optimisation according to these experiences. Furthermore in many cases there is some evidence that switching from one method to another improves the performance. Finally the identification of the exact position of the optimum by gradient methods is often more efficient than long random walks around local maxima.
Global acting rating agencies were held responsible for the latest financial market crisis. False estimations in rating, non-transparent methods, processes and systems as well as a lack of qualification of rating analysts have been points of criticism. The level of the tightened regulation of the agencies in the USA and in Europe is pointed out in this article. All relevant institutions and norms as well as the international and national standards from the German point of view are presented and exhaustively analyzed. In doing so it is illustrated, that in this olio-political market one can definitely speak about protection with regard to the admission and accreditation of the agencies.
Die sogenannte Systemsimulation, bei der mehrere physikalische Domänen gemeinsam simuliert werden, erlaubt die Analyse komplexer und damit realitätsnaher Systeme und spielt eine zunehmend größere Rolle bei der Auslegung von Komponenten. Enthält das System Teile, die durch Feldgrößen aus unterschiedlichen physikalischen Domänen beschrieben werden müssen, kann man Co-Simulationen einsetzen, die allerdings zeitaufwändig sind. Für die Auslegung des Systems ist es dagegen notwendig, Systemsimulationen schnell durchzuführen zu können. Hierfür können für ausgewählte Bauteile oder Domänen schnellere reduzierte Ersatzmodelle (ROM) eingesetzt werden. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir ein reduziertes Modell für elektromechanische Bauteile mit Berücksichtigung von Wirbelströmen vor. Wirbelstromeffekte hängen nicht nur vom aktuellen Zustand, sondern auch von der Geschichte der elektromagnetischen Domäne ab. Das vorgestellte Ersatzmodell basiert auf Daten, die mit einer Reihe von stationären Feldsimulationen vorab erzeugt werden. Für die Modellierung der geschichtsabhängigen Wirbelstromeffekte wird ein Konvolutionsansatz (Faltungsansatz) verwendet. Vergleiche mit entsprechenden Co-Simulationen in ANSYS Maxwell und Simplorer zeigen am Beispiel eines Hubankers, dass das Ersatzmodell in der Lage ist, die wesentlichen Eigenschaften des Bauteils physikalisch korrekt abzubilden.
Quest 3C : an integrative simulation game used to encourage cross-disciplinary thinking and action
(2014)
Interdisciplinary, complex problem-solving and the necessity to communicate effectively in global Teams characterise today’s rapidly changing Business environment. Employers consistently stress the need for business engineering graduates to demonstrate technical expertise, methodological competences and diverse soft skills. The "silo effect" in higher education has partially created a gap between what industry wants and what academia provides. Here we examine how interdisciplinary team teaching and shared ICT might be more effective in bringing higher education teaching in sync with industry and its demands.
Gelebte Internationalität ist das führende Markenzeichen der Hochschule Reutlingen. Die als Deutschlands "Internationale Hochschule 2010" ausgezeichnete Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften bildet nach dem Grundsatz "global denken, lokal handeln" junge Menschen zu hochqualifizierten und verantwortungsbewussten Persönlichkeiten aus, die aufgrund ihrer interkulturellen Kompetenz souverän und sensibel im globalen Netzwerk agieren können. Alle fünf Fakultäten sind in den Internationalisierungsprozess eingebunden, am weitesten ist man in der größten Fakultät der Hochschule Reutlingen, der ESB Business School.
Putting actions in context: visual action adaptation aftereffects are modulated by social contexts
(2014)
The social context in which an action is embedded provides important information for the interpretation of an action. Is this social context integrated during the visual recognition of an action? We used a behavioural visual adaptation paradigm to address this question and measured participants’ perceptual bias of a test action after they were adapted to one of two adaptors (adaptation after-effect). The action adaptation after effect was measured for the same set of adaptors in two different social contexts. Our results indicate that the size of the adaptation effect varied with social context (social context modulation) although the physical appearance of the adaptors remained unchanged. Three additional experiments provided evidence that the observed social context modulation of the adaptation effect are owed to the adaptation of visual action recognition processes. We found that adaptation is critical for the social context modulation (experiment 2). Moreover, the effect is not mediated by emotional content of the action alone (experiment 3) and visual information about the action seems to be critical for the emergence of action adaptation effects (experiment 4). Taken together these results suggest that processes underlying visual action recognition are sensitive to the social context of an action.
Projektmanagement
(2014)
Komplexe Aufgaben erfordern geeignete Planungs- und Steuerungstechniken. Die Projektleitung muss kontinuierlich Termine, Kosten, Qualität im Griff behalten und sein Team anleiten und motivieren. Dieses Buch zeigt, wie Sie unterschiedliche Anforderungen meistern und Projekte erfolgreich zum Abschluss bringen.
Projektmanagement
(2014)
Seit den 1990er Jahren richten immer mehr Unternehmen ihre aufbau- und ablauforganisatorische Organisation nach Gesichtspunkten des Projektmanagements aus. Gerade im Produktentstehungsprozess setzt sich die Abkehr von starr getrennten Aufgaben und Tätigkeiten in funktional definierten Abteilungen hin zu einer teamorientierten Projektarbeit immer mehr durch. Projektmanagement ist in verschiedenen Ausprägungsstufen realisierbar. Angefangen bei der Festlegung von Projekten ohne Änderung der organisatorischen Abläufe über das Einfluss- und Matrix-Projektmanagement bis hin zur durchgängigen Projektorganisation des Unternehmens sind viele Mischformen möglich.