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Platform business models have become highly popular; they are used by half of the world’s ten largest companies by market capitalization. The challenge for established companies is that running a platform business is different from running a product business. A platform business requires building an ecosystem of various constituents with differing interests: customers, the company’s internal product teams, and partners. Based on an in-depth case study of Salesforce Platform, this briefing illustrates one approach to balancing the interests of these constituents.
Bildungsungleichheit ist ein Hauptgrund dafür, dass Einkommensunterschiede über Generationen hinweg bestehen bleiben. Da das im Erwachsenenalter erzielte Einkommen mit kognitiven Fähigkeiten im Schulalter zusammenhängt, werden die schulischen Fähigkeiten von Kindern mit deren sozioökonomischem Hintergrund verglichen. Unsere Untersuchungen mit Paneldaten zu Schulkindern in Deutschland führen zu dem Ergebnis, dass Performanceunterschiede bereits zu Schulbeginn bestehen und die Lücken im Lauf der Schulzeit nicht geschlossen werden. Diese Ergebnisse sind relevant für politische Maßnahmen, die darauf zielen, die Einkommensmobilität zwischen Generationen zu erhöhen und Chancengleichheit zu schaffen. Frühkindliche Maßnahmen können helfen, bereits vor Schulbeginn bestehende Leistungsunterschiede zu verringern.
Progressive globalization and an interdependent network of international projects increase the importance of analyzing entrepreneurial cultures. Among the most important cooperations between Europe and Asia are the economic interactions between Germany and China, which are the regions’ largest economies. A cross-cultural investigation of different entrepreneurial cultures reveals capacities and barriers of the joint development of innovation-driven cooperations. This chapter offers an overview of the current state of research, followed by an outline of cross-cultural differences on the basis of Hofstede’s, (Asia Pacific Journal of Management 1:81-99, 1984b) cultural dimensions. Further, we juxtapose the role of the entrepreneur from both a Chinese and a German perspective. We close with critical remarks and call for future research to address important research gaps.
This chapter informs about leadership and knowledge-transfer expectations in China. Specifically, this chapter unveils the impact the ancient and the modern Chinese education systems have on perceptions of hierarchy and manager-employee relationships. It will be illuminated how the trust formation process between managers and employees is facilitated in China and how it differs from the one in Western countries. There will be an overview on the main constituents of Chinese leadership as well as on different leadership styles and its main implications. Contextual factors, such as generation, industry, and geographic differences, will be considered. Finally, this chapter provides a guideline on how to successfully transfer knowledge in Western-Sino manager-employee relationships including culture-specific concepts such as guanxi and face.
The refugee crisis has reached historic proportions, with more than 82 million people on the run. Access to healthcare is often difficult for them due to a lack of medical records and language barriers. This paper examines a digital medical documentation system for refugees that captures, stores, and translates records. International data protection standards are considered. The contribution consists of designing a system that manages and translates medical data across borders and integrates a prediction model for epidemics in refugee camps.
Efficient management of circular value creation requires holistic traceability systems providing consistent collection and sharing of product lifecycle data among various stakeholders in a supply chain, even when individual parts are reused or repurposed in new products. In these traceability systems, unique identification of products and parts is paramount for maintaining consistency in the lifecycle data. However, as supply chains become increasingly complex and dynamic, challenges in consistent identification arise. Therefore, this paper discusses data consistency challenges for identification systems, focusing on creating and managing unique identifiers in the physical and digital world. Based on that discussion, this paper proposes an architecture for information-consistent part identification systems in complex circular value chains. The architecture uses AI-based fingerprinting technology to ensure marking-free product identification, the Asset Administration Shell to model relevant traceability data, and blockchain technology to ensure consistent product identifiers.
Die Corona-Krise stellt die Gesellschaftsordnung vor noch nie dagewesene Herausforderungen. So haben die Pandemie und der damit einhergehende Lockdown eine weltweite Wirtschaftskrise ausgelöst, deren Folgen jene der Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise 2008/2009 bei weitem übertreffen werden. Besonders bedenklich ist, dass die Corona-Krise zu einem deutlichen Anstieg von Ungleichheit führt. So besteht etwa für Arbeitnehmer*innen mit geringerem Bildungsstand oder Einkommen seltener die Möglichkeit, von zu Hause aus zu arbeiten. Gleichzeitig sind diese Arbeitnehmer*innen besonders stark von Kurzarbeit und Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen. Im Bildungsbereich zeigt sich, dass vor allem leistungsschwache Schüler*innen aufgrund der coronabedingten Schulausfälle besonders große Lerneinbußen verzeichnen, was die ohnehin schon hohe Bildungsungleichheit in Deutschland mittelfristig weiter verschärft.
Without a school degree, students can have difficulty in the labour market. To improve the lives of upper-secondary school dropouts, German states instituted a school reform that awarded an interim degree to high-track students upon completion of Grade 9. Using retrospective spell data on school careers from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), our difference-in-differences approach exploits the staggered implementation of this reform between 1965 and 1996. As intended, the reform reduced downgrading to lower school tracks. Surprisingly, it also increased successful high-track completion, arguably by reducing the perceived risk of trying longer to succeed in the high-track school.
Concept for a low-cost implementation of automatic cycle time measurements in learning factories
(2024)
Cycle time optimization is a fundamental skill for manufacturing planners to avoid bottlenecks and thus increase throughput of production. A learning factory, which replicates real-world manufacturing scenarios, provides an ideal environment for students to acquire this essential skill. Traditionally, cycle times in these scenarios have been manually recorded using stopwatches. This practice has become increasingly outdated with the proliferation of Industry 4.0 and Internet of Things systems that automatically take these measurements in industries, which the learning factories are designed to emulate. However, the high costs and implementation efforts associated with these systems can pose significant challenges for learning factories to adapt.
To address these challenges, this paper proposes a cost-effective system for automatic cycle time measurements in learning factories. The system is composed of inexpensive and commercially available hardware such as microcontroller development boards, Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) readers and a custom software based on open-source software that is free to use. It enables fast and economical retrofitting of existing production scenarios by equipping production stations with RFID readers and product trays with RFID tags.
The solution not only enhances the realism of learning factories in terms of cycle time measurements but also introduces the students to key Industry 4.0 concepts like automation, digitalization, and real-time data tracking. By integrating this affordable system, learning factories can better align their practices with industry standards, thereby improving the training quality and preparing students more effectively for the future manufacturing environment.
The Asset Administration Shell (AAS) represents a standardized digital representation of an asset facilitating the seamless combination of physical and digital objects in Industry 4.0. Originally introduced within the RAMI 4.0 framework, the AAS plays a pivotal role in achieving the core objectives of Industry 4.0 by introducing interoperable data exchange across different assets, life cycles, and value chains.
Delivering central requirements for the Industry 4.0 vision the importance of AAS for the transition towards smart factories is evident. However, due to its abstract nature, the AAS advantages, and implementation require explanation. Incorporating this technology into educational environments can provide this explanation by allowing students to grasp the importance of interoperability in advanced digital manufacturing settings. However, currently, literature on the utilization of AAS within the infrastructure and learning concepts of learning factories is missing.
To address this challenge and enable learning factories to effectively teach the principles of AAS, this paper describes an approach for introducing the AAS into learning factory environments. This approach entails the technical introduction of digital asset representations into the process flow of existing assemblies as well as a workshop illustrating the importance of the interoperability provided by the AAS in Industry 4.0 factories.
This paper serves as a foundational guide for introducing AAS into learning factories by underscoring the vital role of AAS in the education of future industry professionals and the realization of smart factories in the era of Industry 4.0.
